34. Jackson, M; Belton, P; McMahon, S; Hart, M; McCann, S; Azevedo, D; Hurteau, L. (2016) The First Record of Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Its Establishment in Western Canada.Journal of Medical Entomology 53: 241-244 The First Record of Aedes (Hulecoeteomyia) japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Its Establishment in Western Canada
invasive species; virus vector; distribution; overwintering
The potential disease-carrying mosquito, Aedes japonicus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), was identified among larvae collected in suburban Vancouver, BC, in July 2014, and over 200 were found at the same site in February 2015 where it presumably had overwintered in the egg stage. In late May 2015, a female was captured taking a bloodmeal 13km east of the larval site. This population and those in the Washington and Oregon states are clearly disjunct from those in eastern North America, and their origin, probably from one or more different introductions from Asia, is discussed. Key characters of those in British Columbia are examined and match the description of subspecies japonicus, presumably like the others in North America.Website DOI
33. Sota, T, P. Belton, M. Tseng, H.S. Yong & M. Mogi. (2015) Phylogeography of the Coastal Mosquito Aedes togoi across Climatic Zones: Testing an Anthropogenic Dispersal Hypothesis.PLOS One 10 (6) : e0131230 Phylogeography of the Coastal Mosquito Aedes togoi across Climatic Zones: Testing an Anthropogenic Dispersal Hypothesis
The coastal mosquito Aedes togoi occurs more or less continuously from subarctic to subtropic
zones along the coasts of the Japanese islands and the East Asian mainland. It
occurs also in tropical Southeast Asia and the North American Pacific coast, and the populations
there are thought to have been introduced from Japan by ship. To test this hypothesis,
the genetic divergence among geographic populations of A. togoi was studied using
one mitochondrial and three nuclear gene sequences. We detected 71 mitochondrial haplotypes
forming four lineages, with high nucleotide diversity around temperate Japan and
declining towards peripheral ranges. The major lineage (L1) comprised 57 haplotypes from
temperate and subarctic zones in Japan and Southeast Asia including southern China and
Taiwan. Two other lineages were found from subtropical islands (L3) and a subarctic area
(L4) of Japan. The Canadian population showed one unique haplotype (L2) diverged from
the other lineages. In the combined nuclear gene tree, individuals with mitochondrial L4
haplotypes diverged from those with the other mitochondrial haplotypes L1—L3; although
individuals with L1—L3 haplotypes showed shallow divergences in the nuclear gene
sequences, individuals from Southeast Asia and Canada each formed a monophyletic
group. Overall, the genetic composition of the Southeast Asian populations was closely
related to that of temperate Japanese populations, suggesting recent gene flow between
these regions. The Canadian population might have originated from anthropogenic introduction
from somewhere in Asia, but the possibility that it could have spread across the Beringian
land bridge cannot be ruled out. DOI
31. Rowland, E; Belton, P; Schaefer, PW; Gries, G. (2014) Intraspecific acoustic communication and mechanical sensitivity of the tympanal ear of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar.Physiological Entomology 39: 331-340 Intraspecific acoustic communication and mechanical sensitivity of the tympanal ear of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar
Acoustic signals; intraspecific acoustic communication; laser vibrometry; Lymantria dispar; tympanal ear
Tympanal ears of female gypsy moths Lymantria dispar dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) are reportedly more sensitive than ears of conspecific males to sounds below 20kHz. The hypothesis is tested that this differential sensitivity is a result of sex-specific functional roles of sound during sexual communication, with males sending and females receiving acoustic signals. Analyses of sounds produced by flying males reveal a 33-Hz wing beat frequency and 14-kHz associated clicks, which remain unchanged in the presence of female sex pheromone. Females exposed to playback sounds of flying conspecific males respond with wing raising, fluttering and walking, generating distinctive visual signals that may be utilized by mate-seeking males at close range. By contrast, females exposed to playback sounds of flying heterospecific males (Lymantria fumidaButler) do not exhibit the above behavioural responses. Laser Doppler vibrometry reveals that female tympana are particularly sensitive to frequencies in the range produced by flying conspecific males, including the 33-Hz wing beat frequency, as well as the 7-kHz fundamental frequency and 14-kHz dominant frequency of associated clicks. These results support the hypothesis that the female L. dispar ear is tuned to sounds of flying conspecific males. Based on previous findings and the data of the present study, sexual communication in L. dispar appears to proceed as: (i) females emitting sex pheromone that attracts males; (ii) males flying toward calling females; and (iii) sound signals from flying males at close range inducing movement in females, which, in turn, provides visual signals that could orient males toward females. DOI
30. Jackson, M; Howay, T; Belton, P. (2013) The first record of Culiseta particeps (Diptera: Culicidae) in Canada.Canadian Entomologist 145: 115-116 The first record of Culiseta particeps (Diptera: Culicidae) in Canada
Using a Center for Disease Control light trap Culiseta particeps (Adams) (Diptera: Culicidae) was collected on four occasions during the spring and summer of 2011. In addition, on 15 April 2011 a pupa was collected from a semi-permanent pool, reared to the adult stage and identified as C. particeps. The collection and identification of these mosquitoes marks the first time C. particeps has been reported in Canada. As there have been specimens identified in both the southwest coast of Alaska, United States of America and northwestern Washington State, United States of America, it is unsurprising that British Columbia, Canada is part of the natural habitat range of C. particeps. DOI
29. Waliwitiya, R; Belton, P; Nicholson, RA; Lowenberger, CA. (2012) Plant Terpenoids: Acute Toxicities and Effects on Flight Motor Activity and Wing Beat Frequency in the Blow Fly Phaenicia sericata.Journal of Economic Entomology 105: 72-84 Plant Terpenoids: Acute Toxicities and Effects on Flight Motor Activity and Wing Beat Frequency in the Blow Fly Phaenicia sericata
flight muscles; eugenol; pulegone; alpha-terpineol; citronellal
We evaluated the acute toxicities and the physiological effects of plant monoterpenoids (eugenol, pulegone, citronellal and alpha-terpineol) and neuroactive insecticides (malathion, dieldrin and RH3421) on flight muscle impulses (FMI) and wing beat signals (WBS) of the blow fly (Phaenicia sericata). Topically-applied eugenol, pulegone, citronellal, and alpha-terpineol produced neurotoxic symptoms, but were less toxic than malathion, dieldrin, or RH3421. Topical application of eugenol, pulegone, and citronellal reduced spike amplitude in one of the two banks of blow fly dorsolongitudinal flight muscles within 6-8 min, but with citronellal, the amplitude of FMIs reverted to a normal pattern within 1 hr. In contrast to pulegone and citronellal, where impulse frequency remained relatively constant, eugenol caused a gradual increase, then a decline in the frequency of spikes in each muscle bank. Wing beating was blocked permanently within 6-7 min of administering pulegone or citronellal and within 16 mins with eugenol. alpha-Terpineol-treated blow flies could not beat their wings despite normal FMI patterns. The actions of these monoterpenoids on blow fly flight motor patterns are discussed and compared with those of dieldrin, malathion, RH3421, and a variety of other neuroactive substances we have previously investigated in this system. Eugenol, pulegone and citronellal readily penetrate blow fly cuticle and interfere with flight muscle and/or central nervous function. Although there were differences in the effects of these compounds, they mainly depressed flight-associated responses, and acted similarly to compounds that block sodium channels and facilitate GABA action. DOI
28. Hart, M., P. Belton & R. Kuhn. (2011) The Risler Manuscript,European Mosquito Bulletin 29: 103-113 The Risler Manuscript,
Aedes vexans, Johnston's organ, hearing
An unpublished manuscript “The Auditory Organ of Male Mosquitoes (Culicidae) (Studies on Aëdes vexans
Meigen 1830)” describes the structure of the pedicels and flagella of male and female Aedes vexans (=
Aedimorphus1vexans) from scanning and transmission electron micrographs. We reproduce diagrams from the
manuscript showing an in-depth section of the pedicel and first few flagellar segments, a hinge involved in
extending and collapsing the long fibrils on the male flagellum that has not been described before in the Culicinae
and the structure and arrangement of two different types of sensory units (scolopidia), one of which we speculate
might be involved in vibrating the flagellum and increasing the sensitivity of Johnston’s organ.Website
27. Rowland, E; Schaefer, PW; Belton, P; Gries, G. (2011) Evidence for short-range sonic communication in lymantriine moths.Journal of Insect Physiology 57: 292-299 Evidence for short-range sonic communication in lymantriine moths
Lymantria monacha; Lymantria fumida; Lymantria mathura; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae; Lymantriinae; Acoustic communication; Short range orientation behaviour; Acoustic signals; Tympanate ear; Laser interferometry
Sexual communication of nun moth, Lymantria monacha (L), pink gypsy moth, Lymantria mathura Moore, and fumida tussock moth, Lymantria fumida Butler (all Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Lymantriinae), is known to be mediated by pheromones. We now show that males are attracted by the sounds of conspecific females over short distances and that wing fanning male and female L monacha, L. mathura and L fumida produce species- and sex-specific wing beat and associated click sounds that could contribute to reproductive isolation. Evidence for short-range communication in these lymantriines includes (i) scanning electron micrographs revealing metathoracic tympanate ears, (ii) laser interferometry showing particular sensitivity of tympana tuned to frequency components of sound signals from conspecifics, and (iii) phonotaxis of male L monacha and L. fumida to speakers playing back sound signals from conspecific females. We conclude that tympanate ears of these moths have evolved in response not only to bat predation, but also for short-range mate finding and possibly recognition. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI
25. Waliwitiya, R; Belton, P; Nicholson, RA; Lowenberger, CA. (2010) Effects of the essential oil constituent thymol and other neuroactive chemicals on flight motor activity and wing beat frequency in the blowfly Phaenicia sericata.Pest Management Science 66: 277-289 Effects of the essential oil constituent thymol and other neuroactive chemicals on flight motor activity and wing beat frequency in the blowfly Phaenicia sericata
flight motor activity; wing beat; thymol; GABA
BACKGROUND: The effects were evaluated of the plant terpenoid thymol and eight other neuroactive compounds on flight muscle impulses (FMIs) and wing beat frequency (WBF) of tethered blowflies (Phaenicia sericata Meig.). RESULTS: The electrical activity of the dorsolongitudinal flight muscles was closely linked to the WBF of control insects. Topically applied thymol inhibited WBF within 15-30 min and reduced FMI frequency. Octopamine and chlordimeform caused a similar, early-onset bursting pattern that decreased in amplitude with time. Desmethylchlordimeform blocked wing beating within 60 min and generated a profile of continuous but lower-frequency FMIs. Fipronil suppressed wing beating and induced a pattern of continuous, variable-frequency spiking that diminished gradually over 6 h. Cypermethrin- and rotenone-treated flies had initial strong FMIs that declined with time. In flies injected with GABA, the FMIs were generally unidirectional and frequency was reduced, as was seen with thymol. CONCLUSIONS: Thymol readily penetrates the cuticle and interferes with flight muscle and central nervous function in the blowfly. The similarity of the action of thymol and GABA suggests that this terpenoid acts centrally in blowflies by mimicking or facilitating GABA action. (C) 2009 Society of Chemical Industry DOI
24. Weiser, J. P.Belton, Z. Ziska & J. Holusa. (2010) Ultrastructure of the Microsporidian, Duboscqia legeri, the type species of the Genus Duboscqia Perez 1908.Acta Protozool. 49: 125-131 Ultrastructure of the Microsporidian, Duboscqia legeri, the type species of the Genus Duboscqia Perez 1908
Summary. The type species of the genus Duboscqia Perez, 1908 (Opisthokonta, Microspora), D. legeri is a pathogen of termites. It was
found again in Zootermopsis angusticollis in British Columbia and the material is used for emendation of data on ultrastructures of this old
genus. The sporogony of this microsporidian ends with 16 oval spores closed in sporophorous vesicles. The isofilar polar filament coiled in
13 coils, the arched anchoring disc and the polaroplast with tightly packed lamellae are typical for the ultrastructures of uninucleate spores.
The sporophorous vesicle is persistent. The microsporidian infects cyst-like lobes of the fat body hanging free in the body cavity. Relations
to other related genera are discussed.
23.Belton, P. (2008) The sound of one wing beating.2nd Int. Conf. Acoustic Communication by Animals, Corvallis Or (Extended Abstract) The sound of one wing beating.
acoustics mosquito wingbeat frequency pressure air
A female mosquito searching for a blood meal produces one of the most hated sounds known to man, but males of most of the 3,500 mosquito species and about 20,000 related midges depend on the sound of a female to locate and mate with her. The frequency of the wingbeat changes little during a short flight but the tone of the sound changes markedly, for example when it flies around a 2cm pressure-sensitive microphone in a small soundproof chamber (Fig. 1a.). Frequency analysis of this sound produced by a free-flying female common house mosquito, Culex pipiens, (the piping mosquito), shows peak frequencies up to 5kHz, the 15th harmonic of the wing-beat frequency of about 350Hz. The 5th,6th and 7th harmonics between 2 and 5kHz fall within the frequencies to which the human ear has maximal sensitivity and appear to be emphasized in the sound...
22. Leighton, BJ; Roitberg, BD; Belton, P; Lowenberger, CA. (2008) Host antibodies in mosquito bloodmeals: A potential tool to detect and monitor infectious diseases in wildlife.Journal of Medical Entomology 45: 470-475 Host antibodies in mosquito bloodmeals: A potential tool to detect and monitor infectious diseases in wildlife
mosquito; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; bloodmeal; antibody; wildlife disease
When a female mosquito bites, it carries away a blood sample containing specific antibodies that can provide a history of the immune responses of its vertebrate host. This research examines the limits and reliability of a technique to detect antibodies in blood-fed mosquitoes in the laboratory. Mosquitoes were fed on blood containing a specific antibody, and then they were assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the limits of detection of antibody over time, at different temperatures and initial antibody concentrations. The antibody, at an initial concentration of 1 mu g/ml, could be detected in mosquitoes for 24-48 h after feeding. Blind tests simulating the assay of feral mosquitoes were used to test the reliability of the method and detected positive mosquitoes with few false negatives and no false positives. Specific antibodies also could be detected in mosquitoes that had been air-dried or preserved in ethanol. This research indicates that, in theory, the collection and immunological assay of blood-fed mosquitoes could be developed to detect and monitor infectious disease in wildlife.
21. Borkent A, Belton P. (2006) Attraction of female Uranotaenia lowii (Diptera : Culicidae) to frog calls in Costa Rica.Canadian Entomologist 138 (1): 91-94 JAN-FEB 2006 Attraction of female Uranotaenia lowii (Diptera : Culicidae) to frog calls in Costa Rica
CORETHRELLA
During a Survey of frog-biting corethrellid midges in Costa Rica, we collected 79 female Uranotaenia lowii Theobald, mosquitoes known to bite frogs, from seven lowland localities using the recorded calls of a frog. The calls of male barking tree frogs, Hyla gratiosa LeConte, were repeated about once per second, lasted about 0.15 s, and had a fundamental frequency near 450 Hz. We suggest that this frequency is within the range of acoustic sensitivity of the female mosquito antennae. Males of several families of Nematocera use Sound to detect flying females of their own species, but we believe ours is the first observation of female mosquitoes being attracted by the sound of a host.PDF
20. Stephen, C; Plamondon, N; Belton, P. (2006) Notes on the distribution of mosquito species that could potentially transmit West Nile virus on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.J Amer Mosquito Contr Assn 22: 553-556 Notes on the distribution of mosquito species that could potentially transmit West Nile virus on Vancouver Island, British Columbia
mosquito surveillance; West Nile virus; light trap; larval sampling; Vancouver Island
We record the spatial and temporal distribution of 8 potential vectors of West Nile virus (WNV) on Vancouver Island in 2003 and 2004. Five species were widely distributed, but the other 3 were restricted to specific larval habitats. Adults were trapped from early April to September. The findings indicate a potential for WNV transmission if the virus arrives on the island. The results extend the published range of 5 mosquito species.PDF
19.Belton, P. (1998) Acoustic direction finding in mosquitoes.International Congress of Dipterology Oxford Uk, Sept 1998Acoustic direction finding in mosquitoes
Culicidae, flight sound, hearing, direction, Johnston's organ.
Males of most species fly quickly and directly to the sound of a flying female, up to 25cm away in the case of Aedes aegypti. This species needs no visual cue, and can fly to a point source of
sound with only one functional antenna. The enlarged pedicel, Johnston's organ (JO), is almost
perfectly radially symmetrical and the flagellum seems to vibrate uniformly when sounds strike
it perpendicularly from any angle. Sine waves between 100Hz and 1kHz vibrate the flagellum
with a symmetrical resonance whose peak frequency varies with species, sex and other factors.
Electrical activity recorded with a stainless steel electrode in JO is at double the stimulating
frequency and usually different in shape and amplitude for positive and negative displacements
of the flagellum. The electrical activity peaks at a lower frequency than the mechanical
resonance.
Responses of the two JOs can evidently indicate whether a sound is within or outside the 60°
angle subtended by the flagella of a male in flight. Within this angle the movements of the two
flagella are out of phase (moving towards and away from each other). If the sound is outside the
60° angle, the flagella will move in phase (moving together in the same directions). A male in
level flight would seem to have no way of detecting the direction of an in-phase sound on the
horizon except by changes in its amplitude. A sound on the horizon less than 30° either side of
the line of flight probably signifies full ahead to the flight system. A reflex in males that reduces
the angle between the flagella at resonance probably increases their flight speed when a female is
detected. Sounds above and below the horizon could in theory provide the male with information
about the direction of a point source of sound. With some 60 distinct bundles of chordotonal
organs within JO, the radial resolution of the angle of vibration of the flagellum should be 6° or
better. As the JOs are about 0.3mm apart, the plane of vibration of the two flagella would be 6°
different at about 3mm -when the female would be within reach of the male. More experiments
are needed to learn the details of how a flying male uses the signals from the very large number
of sensory neurons in each JO (about 15000 in Ae. aegypti) in this behaviour. PDF
18. Anderson, GS; Belton, P; Jahren, E; Lange, H; Kleider, N. (1996) Immunotherapy trial for horses in British Columbia with Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) hypersensitivity.Journal of Medical Entomology 33: 458-466 Immunotherapy trial for horses in British Columbia with Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) hypersensitivity
SWEET ITCH; IGG ANTIBODIES; ALLERGY
Immunotherapy was used to treat horses in British Columbia for Culicoides hypersensitivity. This is a severe, chronic, recurrent allergic disease of horses that results in severe irritation, large lesions, hair loss, and secondary infection in the ventral midline, mane, and proximal region of the tail. A crude Culicoides extract was injected subcutaneously, in increasing doses, into 10 horses that were affected severely by the disease. Weekly doses reduced die clinical signs in 9 of the 10 horses in the 1st yr. Eight horses were treated with a maintenance dose during a 2nd yr After the 2nd yr, 3 horses were completely free of clinical signs, 3 showed much less severe clinical signs than in untreated years, and 2 showed moderate reduction in clinical signs. Dosage, frequency of injections, and possible future applications of this technique are discussed.
17. ANDERSON, GS; BELTON, P; BELTON, EM. (1993) A POPULATION STUDY OF CULICOIDES-OBSOLETUS MEIGEN (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE), AND OTHER CULICOIDES SPECIES IN THE FRASER VALLEY OF BRITISH-COLUMBIA.Canadian Entomologist 125: 439-447 A POPULATION STUDY OF CULICOIDES-OBSOLETUS MEIGEN (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE), AND OTHER CULICOIDES SPECIES IN THE FRASER VALLEY OF BRITISH-COLUMBIA
SWEET ITCH; HYPERSENSITIVITY; SURVIVAL; ISRAEL; HORSES
A seasonal light-trapping study of Culicoides species, in particular C. obsoletus Meigen, was conducted in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia to determine seasonal peaks and first and last appearance of these insects. Culicoides obsoletus is the causal agent of Culicoides Hypersensitivity (CH). an allergic dermatitis in horses, in British Columbia. Trapping at two sites in 1987 showed that C. obsoletus was first trapped in late March, and peaked in early May and again in late June. Small numbers were collected into mid-November. This coincided with the appearance and regression of clinical signs associated with CH in horses in the area. Stabling horses during the peak activity of Culicoides spp. has been recommended to prevent the development of CH. Light-trapping Culicoides both inside and outside stables showed that although fewer insects were caught inside, some (6%) were trapped indoors. A horse kept in an unscreened stable will not be protected from being bitten.
16. ANDERSON, GS; BELTON, P; KLEIDER, N. (1993) HYPERSENSITIVITY OF HORSES IN BRITISH-COLUMBIA TO EXTRACTS OF NATIVE AND EXOTIC SPECIES OF CULICOIDES (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE).Journal of Medical Entomology 30: 657-663 HYPERSENSITIVITY OF HORSES IN BRITISH-COLUMBIA TO EXTRACTS OF NATIVE AND EXOTIC SPECIES OF CULICOIDES (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE)
SWEET-ITCH; ISRAEL; SITES
Six horses from British Columbia severely affected by Culicoides hypersensitivity, a seasonal dermatitis caused by the bites of Culicoides spp., were inoculated intradermally with extracts of six species or forms of Culicoides from British Columbia, United States, and Israel. Two native and four exotic species were thought to cause the disease in their own geographical area. The horses developed large welts within 20 min after injection of any of the six extracts, indicating an immediate (type 1) reaction. The skin reactions caused by each extract peaked at or after 24 h, indicating an additional delayed (type IV) reaction. These reactions confirm that the reactions to the extracts were allergic in nature. The horses were physically irritated by each extract and developed transverse ridges in the injection area similar to those seen in natural cases of the disease, again indicating an allergic reaction. Previous studies showed that control horses injected with Culicoides extract showed only a small, short-term reaction, with no delayed component, no irritation, and no transverse ridge development, further indicating that the observed reactions were allergic in nature. The affected horses reacted to all extracts of Culicoides, despite the fact that they had not been previously exposed to most of the species, indicating that the allergen(s) was present in all the extracts tested.
15. ANDERSON, GS; BELTON, P; KLEIDER, N. (1991) CULICOIDES-OBSOLETUS (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE) AS A CAUSAL AGENT OF CULICOIDES HYPERSENSITIVITY (SWEET ITCH) IN BRITISH-COLUMBIA.Journal of Medical Entomology 28: 685-693 CULICOIDES-OBSOLETUS (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE) AS A CAUSAL AGENT OF CULICOIDES HYPERSENSITIVITY (SWEET ITCH) IN BRITISH-COLUMBIA
HORSE; SKIN; ISRAEL; SITES
Six horses severely affected by a seasonal dermatitis similar in both histopathology and epidemiology to Culicoides hypersensitivity (CH) and six unaffected or normal horses were inoculated intradermally with an extract of Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen), the most common Culicoides in southwestern British Columbia. Affected horses developed large welts within 20 min after injection, representing an immediate (type I) reaction; welts were largest 24 h or more after challenge, indicating in addition a delayed (type IV) reaction. This reaction was discernible for > 3 wk in some of the affected horses. Normal horses developed small welts which peaked 2-4 h after challenge. Affected horses were irritated by the injections and developed characteristically ridged skin at the injection sites, similar to that seen in natural lesions, whereas the normal horses showed neither discomfort nor clinical signs. C. obsoletus is one of the most numerous Culicoides species biting horses, feeds on parts of the body where lesions are found, and is, we believe, responsible for dermatitis in the Pacific Northwest. The skin test was repeated 2 yr later in three of the affected horses. In two, the reactions were similar to those in the first test, but in the third horse, the reaction was greatly reduced after the second test. This paralleled a decrease in the severity of its natural clinical signs. Thus, a skin test may be useful in the diagnosis of Culicoides hypersensitivity.
14. BELTON, P; BELTON, OC. (1990) AEDES-TOGOI COMES ABOARD.Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 6: 328-329 AEDES-TOGOI COMES ABOARD
10.Belton. P. (1986) Sounds of Insects in Flight.Insect Flight: Dispersal and Migration, Springer Verlag pp 60-70 Sounds of Insects in Flight
insect sounds
