The host-relationships of trigonalyid wasps (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae), with a review of their biology and catalogue to world species.
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| Authors: | Weinstein, P; Austin, A.D. |
| Year: | 1991 |
| Journal: | J. Nat. Hist. 25: 399-433 Article Link (DOI) |
| Title: | The host-relationships of trigonalyid wasps (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae), with a review of their biology and catalogue to world species. |
| Abstract: | The host relationships of the enigmatic family Trigonalyidae are analysed using published host records and those obtained from reared material. Most species appear to oviposit on a wide variety of plants; their eggs are ingested in most cases by lepidopteran or sawfly larvae, and they then develop as obligatory hyperparasitoids in tachinid or ichneumonid primary parasitoids or in vespid or eumenid wasp larvae. Vespidae are the most commonly recorded secondary hosts, undoubtedly via lepidopteran primary hosts provisioned into nests, though this has not been confirmed. Two subfamilies, the Bareogonaloinae and Nomadininae, appear to be restricted to vespid larvae, while the two largest subfamilies, the Lycogastrinae and Trigonalyinae, and several component genera (and species), have been associated with taxonomically diverse primary and secondary host groups. One species of Poecilogonalos has been recorded from a tachinid fly parasitic on a tipulid primary host, while the unconfirmed reports of at least some Australian Taeniogonalos acting as primary parasitoids are here substantiated. T. venatoria Riek is recorded as a facultative primary parasitoid of sawfly (Perga spp.) and lepidopteran larvae, sometimes developing hyperparasitically (in Perga spp.) in tachinid or ichneumonid primary parasitoids. The biology of trigonalyids in regard to mating, oviposition, immature stages, parasitism of hosts, emergence and phenology is reviewed. The systematics and zoogeography of the group are discussed, and an abbreviated catalogue to world species is presented. |
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