Earliest Cretaceous Transgression of North America Recorded in Thick Coals: McMurray Sub-Basin, Canada
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| Authors: | Rinke-Hardekopf, L; Dashtgard, SE; MacEachern, JA |
| Year: | 2019 |
| Journal: | Int. J. Coal Geol. 204: 18-33 Article Link (DOI) |
| Title: | Earliest Cretaceous Transgression of North America Recorded in Thick Coals: McMurray Sub-Basin, Canada |
| Abstract: | Strata of the Lower Cretaceous McMurray Formation in the McMurray Sub-Basin (MSB) of Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, comprise marginal marine, tidal-fluvial, fluvial and interfluve deposits. In the Firebag Tributary located in the northeastern portion of the sub-basin, a thick coal seam (up to > 20 m) forms a semi continuous bed at the top of the lowermost McMurray Fm deposits (herein referred to as Lower McMurray). In coastal plain settings, peat-forming mires are highly sensitive archives of base-level. We investigate the stratigraphic significance of coals in the Firebag Tributary by analyzing coal petrography (4 cores), coal geochemistry (2 cores), and coal distribution in similar to 4500 wells. Additionally, we record the first absolute age for the McMurray Fm through the dating of an ash layer within the coal seam. The petrographic character and distribution of coals in the northeastern part of the MSB suggest a complex history of base-level rise at the end of Lower McMurray deposition. Wetting-upward character coal seams record initial transgression of the Boreal Sea during a 4th order sea level rise (Milankovitch-scale) within lowstand to early transgressive systems tract conditions. Sea-level rise during Lower McMurray times was estimated based on temperate climate peat formation rates, as well as peat-to-coal compaction factors, and probably occurred on a scale of 0.5-3 mm a(-1). Seam-internal wetting-upward cycles suggest that base-level rise was punctuated. Locally, compound and drying-upward character coals represent zones of high accommodation, wherein peat accumulation in mires was influenced by phases of syn-depositional subsidence and karst collapse. The thickest coals in the study area form an arc on a coastal plain as the Boreal Sea inundated east- to southeastward into the Firebag Tributary. Within the arc of thick coals, a north-south decrease in coal thickness is interpreted to reflect the general southward inundation of the Boreal Sea across the MSB. Exceptionally thick coals (> 10 m) likely formed where basement processes (e.g., karsting in Devonian carbonates) provided preferential groundwater pathways. Chemical abrasion thermal ionization mass spectrometry dating of 5 sharply faceted zircons recovered from an ash bed within the coal provides the first absolute age (121.39 +/- 0.2 Ma - Aptian) to the southward transgression of the Boreal Sea. We hypothesize that initial inundation of the MSB was related to tectonic activity in the Canadian Cordillera and the onset of magmatic flow in the western Coast Plutonic Complex. |
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