192. Watanabe, K; Ito, M; Fujie S; Shimizu, S. (2024 (2010-24)) Information station of parasitoid wasps: Trigonalidae (Japanese).Information station of parasitoid wasps: Trigonalidae (Japanese)
Japanese Trigonalidae
(Translation) It is a group of relatively small parasitic [wasps] with a characteristic form, and 9 species are known from Japan. The body length of the Japanese species is usually about 5 to 12 mm, except for the Ezo Markagi [wasp], which sometimes reaches 15 mm. In most species, it is thought that this Japanese name was given because the abdominal tip of ♀ is kegi-shaped. The main traits are as described above.Website
191. Femi EB, Ranjith AP, Priyadarsanan DR. (2024) Additions to the trigonalyid (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) fauna of India with the description of a new species from south India.Zootaxa 5419: 265-274 Additions to the trigonalyid (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) fauna of India with the description of a new species from south India
Trigonalidae
A new species of Taeniogonalos is described and illustrated from Western Ghats, Kerala, India. The male of Taeniogonalos eurysoma Chen & van Achterberg, 2020 is described for the first time along with its first distribution record from India. The new species and T. eurysoma are illustrated along with a distribution map of Indian Taeniogonalos. DOI
190. Kim, J-K; Tripotin, P. (2024) Taxonomic review of the genus Taeniogonalos Schulz (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyoidea: Trigonalyidae) from Korea, with a description of the male of T. sauteri.Journal of Species Research 13(3):269-287 Taxonomic review of the genus <i>Taeniogonalos</i> Schulz (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyoidea: Trigonalyidae) from Korea, with a description of the male of <i>T. sauteri</i>
T. formosana, T. sauteri, T. taihorina, Trigonalidae wasps
The family Trigonalyidae Cresson, 1887, is a small group of parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Apocrita)
comprising around 150 species worldwide. Among them, the genus Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906 is the
richest in species and the most widely distributed. Four species, namely T. fasciata, T. mongolica, T.
subtruncata and T. tricolor, were recorded from the Korean Peninsula. The genus is studied here on the
basis of a larger collection of material from South Korea. Six species of Taeniogonalos are recognized,
including three species that are newly recorded: T. formosana, T. sauteri and T. taihorina. The published
record of T. mongolica in Korea currently seems groundless, and this species should be excluded from the
Korean fauna. A key to species identification is provided, with illustrations and description of each species.
The hitherto unknown male of T. sauteri is described. We also present new biological data on T. sauteri and
T. formosana, including the record of a new family of Diptera as secondary hosts for the family.
Keywords: biology, new records, T. formosana, T. sauteri, T. taihorina, Trigonalid waspsPDF DOI
189. Krishnakumar R. (2024) Scientists discover new parasitoid wasp in Western Ghats.Deccan HeraldScientists discover new parasitoid wasp in Western Ghats
Trigonalidae
The 'Taeniogonalos genus' is distributed in Afrotropical, oriental, eastern palaearctic, nearctic, Australian and neotropical regions; 6 of the species have been reported earlier from India and...
Taeniogonalos deepakiNewpaper Link
188. Lee, H.-R., Yun, D., An, T.-H., Lee, J.-H., Ku, D., & Byun, B.-K. (2024) Korean Species of the Genus Taeniogonalos (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae: Trigonalinae) with a New Record.Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity 40(1), 88–93. Korean Species of the Genus <I>Taeniogonalos</i> (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae: Trigonalinae) with a New Record
Trigonalidae Korea
In this study, we conduct a review of the genus Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906, which belongs to the subfamily Trigonalinae (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) from Korea. The genus Taeniogonalos Schulz is recognized as a relatively small genus. Taeniogonalos comprises 53 described species worldwide, including nine species identified in the Eastern Palaearctic region. A total of four species have been recognized from Korea. This paper enumerates the known species in Korea, including the new record. We provide the diagnosis and photographs for the newly recorded species. Additionally, we present a key to the Korean species of Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906.PDF DOI
186. Binoy, C; van Achterberg, C; Polaszek, A; Kumar, PG; Santhosh, S. (2022) A review of Taeniogonalos (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) from India with the description of two new species.J. Nat. Hist. 56: 21–24, 1153–1185 A review of <em>Taeniogonalos</em> (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) from India with the description of two new species
Trigonalidae Taeniogonalos India
Taeniogonalos Schulz is reviewed from India with Taeniogonalos ayyari Binoy, van Achterberg and Girish Kumar, sp. nov. and Taeniogonalos latae Polaszek and Binoy, sp. nov. newly described and illustrated from South India (Tamil Nadu). New synonymy is proposed for Taeniogonalos kerala Ayyar, 1919 (= Poecilogonalos henicospili Rohwer, 1929). A key to species occurring in India and a distribution map of species occurring in South India are also provided.
DOI
182. Kim CJ; Tan JL; Lee BW; Oh SH; Choi MB. (2020) Discovery of a trigonalid wasp, Bareogonalos xibeidai (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae), reared from nests of Vespula koreensis koreensis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in South Korea. J. Asia Pac. Biodivers. 13:380–383 Discovery of a trigonalid wasp, Bareogonalos xibeidai (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae), reared from nests of Vespula koreensis koreensis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in South Korea
Korean Trigonalidae
<i>Bareogonalos xibeidai</i> Tan and van Achterberg, 2017 (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) was newly recognized in South Korea. The species was reared from the nest cells of the Korean yellowjacket, <i>Vespula koreensis koreensis</i> Radoszkowski, 1887 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), which is a new host record for the trigonalid species. Diagnoses and images of the species and genus are provided in the present study.Google Scholar DOI
181. Archibald, SB; Rasnitsyn, AP; Brothers, DJ; Mathewes, RW. (2018) Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of western North America.Can. Entomol. 150: 205-257 Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of western North America
Trigonalidae
Most major modern families of Hymenoptera were established in the Mesozoic, but the diversifications within ecologically key trophic guilds and lineages that significantly influence the character of modern terrestrial ecosystems - bees (Apiformes), ants (Formicidae), social Vespidae, parasitoids (Ichneumonidae), and phytophagous Tenthredinoidea - were previously known to occur mostly in the middle to late Eocene. We find these changes earlier, seen here in the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands fossil deposits of western North America. Some of these may have occurred even earlier, but have been obscured by taphonomic processes. We provide an overview of the Okanagan Highlands Hymenoptera to family level and in some cases below that, with a minimum of 25 named families and at least 30 when those tentatively assigned or distinct at family level, but not named are included. Some are poorly known as fossils (Trigonalidae, Siricidae, Peradeniidae, Monomachidae), and some represent the oldest confirmed occurrences (Trigonalidae, Pompilidae, Sphecidae sensu stricto, Peradeniidae, Monomachidae, and possibly Halictidae). Some taxa previously thought to be relictual or extinct by the end of the Cretaceous (Angarosphecidae, Archaeoscoliinae, some Diapriidae) are present and sometimes abundant in the early Eocene. Living relatives of some taxa are now present in different climate regimes or on different continents. DOI
180. Moskowitz, D; Paulson, G. (2018) First Report of the Hyperparasitoid Taeniogonalos gundlachii Cresson (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) from Hyalophora cecropia L. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).Entomol. News 127: 502-504 First Report of the Hyperparasitoid <i>Taeniogonalos gundlachii</i> Cresson (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) from Hyalophora cecropia L. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Trigonalidae Hyperparasitoid; Trigonalidae; Taeniogonalos gundlachii; Hyalophora cecropia; Lespesia datanarum
On January 22, 2016, a Cecropia Moth (Hyalophora cecropia L.) cocoon was collected (by I. Desvousges) in Sparta, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA. The cocoon was found in a shrub-dominated electric utility powerline, brought inside and maintained at room temperature. On April 12, 2016, Lespesia datanarum (Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae) began emerging from the cocoon. The cocoon and flies were transferred to an enclosed container. On May 2, 2016, a hyperparasite wasp T. gundlachii (Cresson) emerged in the closed container holding the cocoon and the flies. This is the first report of T. gundlachii (= Poecilogonalos costalis) as a hyperparasite from H. cecropia of which we are aware.Website DOI
179. Vaananen, S; Paukkunen, J; Soon, V; Budrys, E. (2018) Occurrence and biology of Pseudogonalos hahnii (Spinola, 1840) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) in Fennoscandia and the Baltic states.Entomol. Fenn. 29: 86-96 Occurrence and biology of Pseudogonalos hahnii (Spinola, 1840) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) in Fennoscandia and the Baltic states
Trigonalidae
Pseudogonalos hahnii is the only known species of Trigonalidae in Europe. It is a hyperparasitoid of lepidopteran larvae via ichneumonid primary parasitoids. Possibly, it has also been reared from a symphytan larva. We report the species for the first time from Estonia, Lithuania and Russian Fennoscandia, and list all known observations from Finland and Latvia. An overview of the biology of the species is presented with a list of all known host records.Link DOI
178. Genaro, JA. (2017) Especies nueyas de avispas de las Antillas (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae, Crabronidae, Sphecidae).Novitates caribaea 11(11): 1-15 Especies nueyas de avispas de las Antillas (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae, Crabronidae, Sphecidae)
Trigonalidae
The following new Antillean taxa are described: <i>Taeniogonalos estebani</I> (Trigonalidae, female and male, Hispaniola); Cerceris ayti (male, Hispaniola), C. surieli (Crabronidae, female and male, Hispaniola); Isodontia poeyi antillana (Sphecidae, female, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) and Pseneo alayoni (Crabronidae, female, Hispaniola). Isodontia constituted the hrst record of the genus trom Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, since Pseneo from Hispaniola. A summary about distribution, prey used to provision the nests and how they fit into the groups created by Scullen (1965, 1972) for the Antillean species of Cerceris is presented.Web Archive DOI
177. Tan, JL; van Achterberg, C; Tan, QQ; Zhao, LP. (2017) New species of Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) from NW China.ZooKeys : 17-58 New species of Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) from NW China
Trigonalidae Trigonalyidae; Bareogonalos; Orthogonalys; Jezonogonalos; Taeniogonalos; Teranishia; new species; new record; biology; Vespula structor; China; Shaanxi; Ningxia
Four new species of Trigonalyidae are described and illustrated from Qinling Mts (Shaanxi, NW China): <em>Bareogonalos xibeidai</em> Tan & van Achterberg, sp. n., <em>Jezonogonalos mandibularis</em> sp. n., <em>J. shaanxiensis</em> sp. n., and <em>Taeniogonalos paraclypeata</em> sp. n. <em>Orthogonalys hirasana</em> Teranishi, 1929, is re-instated and reported from China. The female of <em>Taeniogonalos alticola</em> (Tsuneki, 1991) is described for the first time. In total, 18 species are known from Shaanxi province, 20 species for NW China, and eight described species are newly recorded for Shaanxi: <em>Jezonogonalos luteata</em> Chen et al., 2014, <em>Orthogonalys hirasana</em> Teranishi, 1929, <em>O. elongata</em> Teranishi, 1929, <em>Pseudogonalos hahnii</em> (Spinola, 1840), <em>Taeniogonalos alticola</em> (Tsuneki, 1991), <em>T. formosana</em> (Bischoff, 1913), <em>T. taihorina</em> (Bischoff, 1914), and <em>Teranishia glabrata</em> Chen et al., 2014. <em>Poecilogonalos maga</em> Teranishi, 1929, syn. n. and <em>Taiwanogonalos claripennis</em> Tsuneki, 1991, syn. n. are new synonyms of <em>Taeniogonalos taihorina</em> (Bischoff, 1914) and <em>Taiwanogonalos alishana</em> Tsuneki, 1991, syn. n. of <em>Taeniogonalos alticola</em> (Tsuneki, 1991). Revised keys to species of the genera <em>Bareogonalos</em>, <em>Jezonogonalos</em>, and <em>Orthogonalys</em> are included. <A HREF="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.698.13366">ZooKeys 698: 17-58</A> (18 Sep 2017)Link DOI PubMed
176. Turrisi, GF. (2017) The Parasitoid Wasp Family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea), with a Revised World Checklist.Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 119: 931-939 The Parasitoid Wasp Family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea), with a Revised World Checklist
The present short paper is a personal gift for the 80th birthday of an outstanding American entomologist, Dr. David R. Smith (Washington), who has made an enormous contribution to the taxonomic and faunistic study of the order Hymenoptera of the World, especially the "Symphyta," Trigonalidae, and Aulacidae. DOI
175. Watanabe K, Yamane Sk. (2017) Notes on the Japanese Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera).Tsunekibachi 30: 1-26Notes on the Japanese Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera).
Japanese Trigonalidae
<A HREF="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316512417_ribenchankagibarabachikenitsuitenomemo_Notes_on_the_Japanese_Trigonalidae_Hymenoptera">Tsunekibachi 30 1-26</a>. 日本産カギバラバチ科についてのメモ Notes on the Japanese Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera). With keys (Japanese) and pictures including holotype of <em>Orthogonalys fukuiensis</em>.Link
174. Broad, GR. (2016) Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Trigonaloidea.Biodiver. Data J. 4 Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Trigonaloidea
Trigonalidae Britain; fauna; Trigonalyidae; Trigonalyoidea Pseudogonalos hahnii
Background The British and Irish checklist of Trigonaloidea comprises a single species, Pseudogonalos hahnii (Spinola), which is the only species in Europe. New information Country-level distribution and nomenclature of Pseudogonalos hahnii are updated.Article DOI PubMed
173. Griebenow, Zach. (2016) News of a Trigonalid.The Daily Entomologist (Blog)News of a Trigonalid
Trigonalidae
Two <i>Lycogaster pullata</i> reared from potter wasp nests (?<i>Eumenes</i> sp.).Link
172. Zimmermann, D; Vilhelmsen, L. (2016) The sister group of Aculeata (Hymenoptera) evidence from internal head anatomy, with emphasis on the tentorium.Arthropod. Syst. Phylogeny 74: 195-218 The sister group of Aculeata (Hymenoptera) evidence from internal head anatomy, with emphasis on the tentorium
Trigonalidae Evanioidea; Trigonaloidea; phylogeny; head musculature; glands; microCT
The Aculeata comprises some of the best known Hymenoptera. Traditionally, their sister group has been considered to be the Ichneumonoidea; however, recent phylogenetic analyses contradict this hypothesis. We evaluate three potential candidates for the sister group of aculeate wasps: Ichneumonoidea, Evanioidea and Trigonaloidea. This is addressed by investigating the internal head anatomy of representatives of the relevant taxa, specifically the tentorium, musculature and glands. One species each of the families Braconidae, Evaniidae, Gasteruptiidae, Aulacidae and Trigonalidae, as well as Sphecidae and Sapygidae as representatives of Aculeata, and Ibaliidae as outgroup is examined. 33 head anatomical characters are mapped on the three competing hypotheses. Aculeata + Evanioidea are corroborated by the presence of a secondary bridge, the presence of a subforaminal cup and the presence of one medial sulcus on the ventral head sclerotisation instead of two sublateral ones. Trigonaloidea + (Aculeata + Evanioidea) is corroborated by the presence of a bent cibarium. The presence of a hypopharyngeal gland, the backwards shift of the origin of the antennal muscles, the loss of the connection of the dorsal tentorial arms with the head capsule and the loss of ventral salivarial dilators are retrieved as synapomorphies of Aculeata. Two hitherto unknown glands, a hypopharyngeal salivary gland in Sphecidae and Sapygidae and a hypopharyngeal-maxillary gland in Evaniidae, are described.ResearchGate
171. Smith, DR; Tripotin, P. (2015) Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera) of Thailand, other southeastern Asian records, and a new Trigonalys from India.J. Hymenopt. Res. 44: 1-18 Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera) of Thailand, other southeastern Asian records, and a new Trigonalys from India
Trigonalidae Trigonalid wasps; Lycogaster; Pseudogonalos; Taeniogonalos; Trigonalys
Seven species of Trigonalidae are recorded from Tailand, <em>Lycogaster flavonigrata</em> Chen, Achterberg, He & Xu, L. rufventris (Magretti), <em>Taeniogonalos fasciata</em> (Strand), <em>T. gestroi</em> (Schulz), <em>T. sauteri</em> Bischoff, <em>T. tricolor</em> Chen, and an unidentified species. Four species, <em>L. favonigrata</em>, <em>T. cordada</em> Chen, Achterberg, He & Xu, <em>T. sauteri</em>, and <em>T. tricolor</em> are newly recorded from Laos. Diagnoses, illustrations, and distribution records are given for the Thailand species. <em>Trigonalys India</em> Smith, sp. n., is described from southern India for specimens previously misidentified as <em>T. rufiventris<em> DOI
170. Somavilla, A; Schoeninger, K; Carvalho, AF; Menezes, RST; Del Lama, MA; Costa, MA; Oliveira, ML. (2015) Record of Parasitoids in nests of social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae).Sociobiology 62: 92-98 Record of Parasitoids in nests of social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae)
Trigonalidae Epiponini; eusocial; Mischocyttarini; Paper wasps; parasitoids; Polistini
The aim of this study was to record the parasitoid species found in social wasps nests sampled in different localities in Brazil. We sampled nests of Mischocyttarus cassununga, Mischocyttarus consimilis, Mischocyttarus imitator, Polistes canadensis, Polistes cinerascens, Polistes versicolor, Angiopolybia pallens, Leipomeles spilogastra, Polybia jurinei and two indeterminate species of Mischocyttarus. Thus, we observed that nests of M. cassununga, M. imitator and Mischocyttarus (Phi) sp.1 were parasitized by Toechorychus guarapuavus (Ichneumonidae) and nests of M. consimilis, M. imitator and Mischocyttarus sp.2 were parasitized by Toechorychus fluminensis (Ichneumonidae). Nests of P. versicolor and P. cinerascens were parasitized by Elasmus polistis (Eulophidae) and nest of P. canadensis was parasitized by Simenota depressa (Trigonalidae); nest of A. pallens and L. spilogastra, was infested by Brachymeria sp.1 and Brachymeria sp.2 (Chalcididae), respectively. Nests of M. cassununga and Polybia jurinei were parasitized by Megaselia scalaris (Phoridae).Link
169. Chen, HY; van Achterberg, C; He, JH; Xu, ZF. (2014) A revision of the Chinese Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera, Trigonalyoidea).ZooKeys : 1-207 A revision of the Chinese Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera, Trigonalyoidea)
Trigonalidae Revision; Trigonalyidae; Bakeronymus; Bareogonalos; Jezonogonalos; Lycogaster; Orthogonalys; Pseudogonalos; Taeniogonalos; Teranishia; keys; new species; new synonyms; new combinations; China
The Chinese fauna of the family Trigonalyidae Cresson, 1887, is revised, keyed and fully illustrated for the first time. Eight genera of this family (Bakeronymus Rohwer, 1922, Bareogonalos Schulz, 1907, Jezonogonalos Tsuneki, 1991, re-instated, Lycogaster Shuckard, 1841, Orthogonalys Schulz, 1905, Pseudogonalos Schulz, 1906, Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906 and Teranishia Tsuneki, 1991) are recorded from China. The genus Ischnogonalos Schulz, 1907, is synonymized with Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906. In total 40 valid species are recognized. Twenty species are new for science: Jezonogonalos elliptifera sp. n., J. jiangliae sp. n., J. luteata sp. n., J. nigrata sp. n., Lycogaster angustula sp. n., L. flavonigrata sp. n., L. nigralva sp. n., Orthogonalys cheni sp. n., O. clypeata sp. n., O. robusta sp. n., Pseudogonalos angusta sp. n., Taeniogonalos bucarinata sp. n., T. cordata sp. n., T. geminata sp. n., T. sculpturata sp. n., T. triangulata sp. n., T. tricolorisoma sp. n., T. uncifera sp. n., Teranishia crenulata sp. n. and T. glabrata sp. n. Two species are reported new for China: Orthogonalys elongata Teranishi, 1929 and Nanogonalos flavocincta Teranishi, 1929 (renamed to Taeniogonalos subtruncata nom. n.). Seven new synonyms are proposed: Poecilogonalos yuasai Teranishi, 1938, and P. maga taiwana Tsuneki, 1991, of Taeniogonalos taihorina (Bischoff, 1914); Taiwanogonalos minima Tsuneki, 1991, and T. similis Tsuneki, 1991, of Taeniogonalos alticola (Tsuneki, 1991); P. intermedia Chen, 1949, and P. unifasciata Chen, 1949, of Taeniogonalos formosana (Bischoff, 1913). Six taxa are recognised as valid species: Bakeronymus seidakka Yamane & Terayama, 1983, Jezonogonalos laeviceps (Tsuneki, 1991), J. satoi (Tsuneki, 1991), Taeniogonalos alticola (Tsuneki, 1991), T. flavoscutellata (Chen, 1949) and T. gestroi (Schulz, 1908). Five new combinations are made: Jezonogonalos laeviceps (Tsuneki, 1991), comb. n., J. satoi (Tsuneki, 1991), comb. n., Taeniogonalos flavoscutellata (Chen, 1949), comb. n., T. gestroi (Schulz, 1908), comb. n. and T. lachrymosa (Westwood, 1874), comb. n.. Lectotypes are designated for Lycogaster violaceipennis Chen, 1949, Poecilogonalos flavoscutellata Chen, 1949, P. rufofasciata Chen, 1949, and P. tricolor Chen, 1949. DOI PubMed
168. Wu, QL; Li, Q; Gu, Y; Shi, BC; van Achterberg, C; Wei, SJ; Chen, XX. (2014) The complete mitochondrial genome of Taeniogonalos taihorina (Bischoff) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) reveals a novel gene rearrangement pattern in the Hymenoptera.Gene 543: 76-84 The complete mitochondrial genome of Taeniogonalos taihorina (Bischoff) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae) reveals a novel gene rearrangement pattern in the Hymenoptera
Trigonalidae Mitochondrial genome; Gene rearrangement; Secondary structure; Intergenic spacer; Taeniogonalos taihorina
The family Trigonalyidae is considered to be one of the most basal lineages in the suborder Apocrita of Hymenoptera. Here, we determine the first complete mitochondrial genome of the Trigonalyidae, from the species Taeniogonalos taihorina (Bischoff, 1914). This mitochondrial genome is 15,927 bp long, with a high A + T-content of 84.60%. It contains all of the 37 typical animal mitochondrial genes and an A + T-rich region. The orders and directions of all genes are different from those of previously reported hymenopteran mitochondrial genomes. Eight tRNA genes, three protein-coding genes and the A + T-rich region were rearranged, with the. dominant gene rearrangement events being translocation and local inversion. The arrangements of three tRNA clusters, trnY-trnM-trnl-trnQ, trnW-trnL2-trnC, and trnH-trnA-trnR-trnN-trnS-trnE-trnF, and the position of the cox1 gene, are novel to the Hymenoptera, even the insects. Six long intergenic spacers are present in the genome. The secondary structures of the RNA genes are normal, except for trnS2, in which the D-stem pairing is absent. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. DOI PubMed
166. Aguiar, AP. (2013) Publishing large DNA sequence data in reduced spaces and lasting formats, in paper or PDF.Zootaxa 3609: 593-600 Publishing large DNA sequence data in reduced spaces and lasting formats, in paper or PDF
Trigonalidae base pairs; COI; data compression; permanence; publication; RNA; taxonomy
Scientific publications carry a practical moral duty: they must last. Along that line of thinking, some methods are proposed to allow economically and structurally viable publication of DNA sequence data of any size in printed matter and PDFs. The proposal is primarily aimed at contributing for preserving information for the future, while allowing authors to avoid information splitting and complement storage ex situ, that is, in server machines, outside the publication proper. The technique may also help to solve the impasse between the ICZN Code requirement that a new nomen be associated to diagnostic characters for the taxon vs. the phylogenetic definition of taxa, based on cladograms only: sequence data are characters, and can now be easily and comfortably included in taxonomic publications, with direct textual mention to their diagnostic sections. The compression level achieved allows the inclusion of all wanted DNA or RNA sequences in the same printed matter or PDF publications where the sequences are cited and discussed. Reduced font sizes, invisible fonts, and original 2D black & white and color barcodes are illustrated and briefly discussed. The level of data compression achieved can allow each full page of sequence data, or about 5000 characters, to be precisely coded into a color barcode as small as a square of 1.5 mm. A practical example is provided with Taeniogonalos woodorum Smith (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae). Free software to generate publishable barcodes from txt or FASTA files is provided at www.systaxon.ufes.br/dna. DOI PubMed
165. Santos, EF; Noll, FB. (2013) Biological Notes on the Parasitism of Apoica flavissima Van der Vecht (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) by Seminota marginata (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae): Are Social Paper Wasps Primary or Secundary Hosts of Trigonalidae?Sociobiology 60: 123-124 Biological Notes on the Parasitism of Apoica flavissima Van der Vecht (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) by Seminota marginata (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae): Are Social Paper Wasps Primary or Secundary Hosts of Trigonalidae?
Trigonalidae Epiponini; Polistinae; facultative host; Neotropical
Hosts of Trigonalidae include larvae of social paper wasps, which have been considered secondary hosts, supposedly following predation of the primary host (usually caterpillars) by adult wasps. This study provides observations on biological aspects of the parasitism of Apoica flavissima Van der Vecht by Seminota marginata (Westwood), and suggests that social wasps may be both primary and secondary hosts, whereas they extract and chew vegetable fiber.Link
164. Gates, MW; Lill, JT; Kula, RR; O'Hara, JE; Wahl, DB; Smith, DR; Whitfield, JB; Murphy, SM; Stoepler, TM. (2012) REVIEW OF PARASITOID WASPS AND FLIES (HYMENOPTERA, DIPTERA) ASSOCIATED WITH LIMACODIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH A KEY TO GENERA.Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 114: 24-110 REVIEW OF PARASITOID WASPS AND FLIES (HYMENOPTERA, DIPTERA) ASSOCIATED WITH LIMACODIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) IN NORTH AMERICA, WITH A KEY TO GENERA
Trigonalidae hyperparasitoid; parasitic; slug moth caterpillar; Acharia; Acrolyta; Alveoplectrus; Ascogaster; Austrophorocera; Baryceros; Casinaria; Ceraphron; Compsilura; Conura; Cotesia; Euclea; Hyposoter; Isa; Isdromas; Isochaetes; Lithacodes; Lysibia; Mesochorus; Natada; Orthogonalys; Packardia; Parasa; Pediobius; Phobetron; Platyplectrus; Prolimacodes; Psychophagus; Systropus; Taeniogonalos; Tortricidea; Trichogramma; Triraphis; Uramya
Hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoids of slug moth caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) from North America are reviewed, and an illustrated key to 23 genera is presented. Limacodid surveys and rearing were conducted during the summer months of 2004-2009 as part of research on the ecology and natural history of Limacodidae in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.A. Parasitoid rearing involved a combination of collecting naturally occurring larvae in the field (at least 14 host species) and placing out large numbers of "sentinel" larvae derived from laboratory colonies of three host species. Species in the following families are documented from limacodids in North America as primary or secondary parasitoids (number of genera for each family in parentheses; number of genera included in key but not reared through this research in brackets): Chalcididae ([1]; Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), Eulophidae (3; Chalcidoidea), Pteromalidae ([1]; Chalcidoidea), Trichogrammatidae (1; Chalcidoidea), Braconidae (3 [1]; Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea), Ichneumonidae (7 [3]; Ichneumonoidea), Ceraphronidae (1; Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea), Trigonalidae (2; Hymenoptera: Trigonaloidea), Bombyliidae ([l]; Diptera: Asilioidea), and Tachinidae (3; Oestroidea). We recovered 20 of 28 genera known to attack limacodids in North America. Records discerned through rearing in the mid-Atlantic region are augmented with previously published host-parasitoid relationships for Limacodidae in North America north of Mexico. New records are reported for the following parasitoids (total new records in parentheses): Uramya limacodis (Walker) (1), U. pristis (Townsend) (5), Austrophorocera spp. (6), Ceraphron sp. (1), Alveoplectrus lilli Gates (1), Playplectrus americana (Girault) (10), Pediobius crassicornis (Thomson) (1), Trichogramma (1), Mesochorus discitergus (Say) (1), Hyposoter fugitivus (Say) (1), and Isdromas lycaenae (Howard) (5). The male of Platyplectrus americana (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is redescribed, and the female is described for the first time. Incidental and miscellaneous host-parasitoid associations are discussed, and it is concluded that most of these records are likely parasitoids of contaminants accidentally introduced during the limacodid rearing process. Triraphis eupoeyiae (Ashmead), new combination, is transferred from Rogas (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).Link DOI
163. Li, T; Sheng, ML; Sun, SP; Luo, YQ. (2012) Parasitoids of the sawfly, Arge pullata, in the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve [China].J Insect Sci. 12 Parasitoids of the sawfly, Arge pullata, in the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve [China]
Trigonalidae Taeniogonalos maga Betula spp.; biological control; hyperparasitoid; parasitism rate; Vibrissina turrita China
Larvae of the argid sawfly, Arge pullata (Zaddach) (Hymenoptera: Argidae), feeds on leaves of birch (Betula spp.). Parasitoids of A. pullata were studied in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, Hubei Province, China, in 2009 and 2010. Five parasitoid species were found: Pleolophus suigensis (Uchida), Mastrus nigrus Sheng, Endasys parviventris nipponicus (Uchida) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Vibrissina turrita (Meigen) (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Conura xanthostigma (Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). The average parasitism rate of A. pullata by parasitoids was as high as 11.0%. V. turrita was the dominant species, attacking 10.0% of the A. pullata cocoons. The emergence peak of V. turrita was from late May to early June. Three hyperparasitoids of V. turrita emerged from cocoons of A. pullata: Mesochorus ichneutese Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Pediobius sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), and Taeniogonalos maga (Teranishi) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae). Hyperparasitism rates were about 1.0% to 3.0%, with an average rate of 1.7%.Link PubMed
162. Li, Tao; Sheng, Mao-Ling; Sun, Shu-Ping; Luo, You-Qing. (2012) Parasitoids of the sawfly, Arge pullata, in the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve.J Insect Sci 12: 97 Parasitoids of the sawfly, Arge pullata, in the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve.
Animals; China; Biological Control Agents; Diptera/growth & development/*physiology; Host-Parasite Interactions; Hymenoptera/growth & development/*parasitology/*physiology; Larva/growth & development/parasitology/physiology; Pupa/growth & development/parasitology/physiology
Larvae of the argid sawfly, Arge pullata (Zaddach) (Hymenoptera: Argidae), feeds on leaves of birch (Betula spp.) in China, Europe, Siberia, and Japan. Parasitoids of A. pullata were studied in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, Hubei Province, China, in 2009 and 2010. Five parasitoid species were found: Pleolophus suigensis (Uchida), Mastrus nigrus Sheng, Endasys parviventris nipponicus (Uchida) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Vibrissina turrita (Meigen) (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Conura xanthostigma (Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). The average parasitism rate of A. pullata by parasitoids was as high as 11.0%. V. turrita was the dominant species, attacking 10.0% of the A. pullata cocoons. The emergence peak of V. turrita was from late May to early June. Three hyperparasitoids of V. turrita emerged from cocoons of A. pullata: Mesochorus ichneutese Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Pediobius sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), and Taeniogonalos maga (Teranishi) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae). Hyperparasitism rates were about 1.0% to 3.0%, with an average rate of 1.7%. DOI PubMed
161. Santos, BF; Aguiar, AP; Tedesco, AM. (2012) Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera) from cacao agroforestry systems in northeastern Brazil, with two new species of Trigonalys Westwood.J. Hymenopt. Res. 25: 19-33 Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera) from cacao agroforestry systems in northeastern Brazil, with two new species of Trigonalys Westwood
Trigonalidae Hyperparasitoid; Trigonalyidae; Trigonaloidea; Malaise
A survey of Trigonalidae from cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry systems in southern Bahia, northeastern Brazil, is conducted. A total of 65 specimens were studied, and three species are recognized. Trigonalys melanoleuca Westwood is diagnosed and illustrated. Two new species are described and illustrated. Trigonalys erythrocephala sp. n. has most of head reddish brown; metasomal armature in sternum III conspicuous, Y-shaped; supra-antennal elevation conspicuous; hind coxa with sharp lateral angles, its dorsomesal portion strigate; legs entirely dark brown; and fore wing lightly infuscate, darker towards anterior margin. Trigonalys gotica sp. n. with body blackish or dark brown and has pale yellow marks; mesopleuron with an oblique mark; female armature absent; frons and vertex punctate-areolate; supra-antennal elevation subtle; propodeal foramen V-shaped; and fore wing vein M arising distinctly basad to 1cu-a.Link DOI
160. Smith, DR; Janzen, DH; Hallwachs, W; Smith, MA. (2012) Hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae) reared from dry forest and rain forest caterpillars of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica.J. Hymenopt. Res. 29: 119-144 Hyperparasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae) reared from dry forest and rain forest caterpillars of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Trigonalidae Central America; hyperparasitoid host specificity; Lepidoptera; Diptera; DNA barcoding; tropical trophic web
Five species of Trigonalidae, hyperparasitoids of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) and Tachinidae (Diptera) that parasitize caterpillars (Lepidoptera), have been reared during the ongoing caterpillar inventory of Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG), Guanacaste Province, northwestern Costa Rica: Lycogaster apicipennis (Cameron), Taeniogonalos woodorum Smith, sp. n., Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis (Cameron), Trigonalys championi Cameron, and Trigonalys maculifrons Sharp. Morphological and DNA barcoding data support species separation of these generalist hyperparasitoids. Taeniogonalos gundlachii (Cresson) is not a widespread, color-variable species as previously treated and is probably confined to eastern North America. The species previously considered as T gundlachii in Costa Rica is regarded as Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis, a species found only in ACG dry forest. Taeniogonalos woodorum is a similar species but found only in the ACG rain forest. Habitat and host records are given for these five species of trigonalids. DOI
159. Smith, DR; Tripotin, P. (2012) Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera) of Madagascar.J. Hymenopt. Res. 24: 1-25 Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera) of Madagascar
Trigonalidae Afrotropical; hyperparasitoids
Seven species of the primarily hyperparasitoid family Trigonalidae are reported from Madagascar: <i>Orthogonalys brevis</i> Smith & Tripotin, sp. n., <i>Orthogonalys gigantea</i> Benoit, 1951; <i>Orthogonalys hova</i> Bischoff, 1933; <i>Orthogonalys maculata</i> Bischoff, 1933; <i>Orthogonalys parahova</i> Smith & Tripotin, sp. n., <i>Orthogonalys seyrigi</i> Bischoff, 1933; and <i>Trigonalys natalensis</i> Kriechbaumer, 1894. Diagnoses and a key to species are given. DOI: <A HREF="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/JHR.24.1811">10.3897/JHR.24.1811</A> DOI
156. Schnee, H. (2011) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Biologie von Pseudogonalos hahnii (Spinola) (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae und Ichneumonidae).Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte 55: 27-32Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Biologie von <i>Pseudogonalos hahnii</i> (Spinola) (Hymenoptera, Trigonalidae und Ichneumonidae)
Trigonalidae
Reared from <i>Erigorgus procerus</i> (Gravenhorst) (Ichneumonidae) parasitizing <i>Polia nebulosa</i> (Hufnagel) (Noctuidae) feeding on Rubus leaves. Also reared from <i>Xestia triangulum</i> (Noctuidae) / <i>Erigorgus melanops</i> and <i>Heteropelma amictum</i> (Ichneumonidae) / <i>Callimorpha dominula</i> (Arctiidae). Ten months can pass from ingestion of eggs to emergence of adult <i>P. hahnii</i> (middle June to middle August).PDF
155. N. Samin, N. Bagriacik, M. Shojai. (2010) Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) Is Newly Recorded Family From Iran.Far Eastern Entomologist N 219: 9-10.Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) Is Newly Recorded Family From Iran.
Trigonalidae
<i>Pseudogonalos hahnii</i> (Spinola, 1840) and <i>Taeniogonalos fasciata</i> (Strand, 1913) are newly recorded from Iran.Link
154. Vilhelmsen L, Istvan M, and Krogmann L. (2010) Beyond the wasp-waist: structural diversity and phylogenetic significance of the mesosoma in apocritan wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera).Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 159, 22-194. With 70 figuresBeyond the wasp-waist: structural diversity and phylogenetic significance of the mesosoma in apocritan wasps (Insecta: Hymenoptera).
Trigonalidae
The monophyly of Trigonaloidea is strongly supported, putative autapomorphies being: (1) having a row of small foveolae impressed posteriorly on the mesoscutellum (character 80 : 1); (2) presence of a supramesopleural sclerite (character 101 : 1); (3) presence of an oblique mesopleural ridge (character 114 : 1); (4 + 5) absence of the anterior paracoxal sulcus and presence of the posterior paracoxal sulcus ventrally on the metapleuron (characters 156 : 0; 157 : 1); (6) presence of tarsal plantulae (character 177 : 1; this is a reversal); (7) presence of a cuticular flap lateral to the propodeal spiracle (character 190 : 1)." (A beautiful morphological study)
153. Vilhelmsen, L; Perrichot, V; Shaw, SR. (2010) Past and present diversity and distribution in the parasitic wasp family Megalyridae (Hymenoptera).Syst. Entomol. 35: 658-677 Past and present diversity and distribution in the parasitic wasp family Megalyridae (Hymenoptera)
Trigonalidae
The phylogenetic relationships of extant and extinct Megalyridae are analysed at the genus level. The dataset comprises seven outgroup taxa, all eight extant genera and a number of extinct taxa that have been associated with Megalyridae, including two genera from Maimetshidae, whose affinity with Megalyridae is uncertain. Analytical results are unstable because some of the fossil taxa have many missing entries. The most stable results are produced when the maimetshid taxa and Cretodinapsis are excluded. When included, these taxa fall outside crown-group Megalyridae, the maimetshid taxa being the sister of Orthogonalys (Trigonalidae). Based on the results of our analyses, we synonymize the fossil genera Rubes Perrichot n.syn. and Ukrainosa Perrichot & Perkovsky n.syn. with Prodinapsis, creating the new combinations Prodinapsis bruesi n.comb. and Prodinapsis prolata n.comb. When comparing past and present distributions of Megalyridae with the results of the phylogenetic analyses, it is evident that the genera radiated in the Mesozoic, and that the family as a whole was much more widespread then. The present-day distribution is essentially relictual, with range contraction since the early Tertiary probably being the result of climate deterioration, which caused the disappearance of tropical forests throughout the Palaearctic. DOI
151. Rasmussen, C; Garcete-Barrett, BR; Goncalves, RB. (2009) Curt Schrottky (1874-1937): South American entomology at the beginning of the 20(th) century (Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera).Zootaxa : 1-50 Curt Schrottky (1874-1937): South American entomology at the beginning of the 20(th) century (Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera)
Trigonalidae Andrenidae; Apidae; Argidae; Braconidae; Chalcididae; Cimbicidae; Colletidae; Crabronidae; Eulophidae; Eupelmidae; Eurytomidae; Gasteruptiidae; Halictidae; Ichneumonidae; Megachilidae; Monomachidae; Mutillidae; Pergidae; Podagrionidae; Pompilidae; Scoliidae; Sphecidae; Tenthredinidae; Tiphiidae; Torymidae; Trigonalyidae; Vespidae; Simuliidae; Arctiidae; biography
Curt Schrottky was one the early European entomologists to reside in South America. Caught in the midst of personal and political conflicts, he still amazed to propose 593 new names in Hymenoptera (from sawflies to bees), Diptera (black flies, Simuliidae) and Lepidoptera (tiger moths, Arctiidae) between 1901 and 1922. Many of his primary types (syntypes and holotypes) were originally in his private collection, which were partially destroyed, and the remaining part scattered among multiple institutions. Other type specimens were exchanged before the destruction of his main collection to institutions in South America, USA, and Europe. The present catalog provides a complete list of the taxa proposed by Schrottky, including a bibliography of his 86 entomological publications. The catalog also lists all valid names proposed by Schrottky with details on the nomenclature, sex, type locality, and type repository for 126 known surviving types, representing 23% of all species-group taxa proposed by Schrottky. The remaining types (77%) are most likely lost. A brief biography is followed by a discussion of where to locate and how to treat original types and neotypes of Schrottky.
150. Rasnitsyn, AP; Brothers, DJ. (2009) New genera and species of Maimetshidae (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea s.l.) from the Turonian of Botswana, with comments on the status of the family.Afr. Invertebr. 50: 191-204 New genera and species of Maimetshidae (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea s.l.) from the Turonian of Botswana, with comments on the status of the family
Trigonalidae Hymenoptera; Maimetshidae; Megalyridae; Trigonalidae; Botswana; Orapa; Turonian; fossil insects
Three new genera and four new species, all assigned to Maimetshidae, are described from the Turonian (U. Cretaceous) of Orapa in Botswana (southern Africa), viz., Afrapia globularis gen. et sp. n.,A. variicornis sp. n., Afromaimetsha robusta gen. et sp. n., and Maimetshorapia africana gen. et sp. n. The genera Andyrossia Rasnitsyn & Jarzembowski, 2000 from the Barremian (L. Cretaceous) of the Weald Clay (southern England) and Guyotemaimetsha Perrichot, Nel & Neraudeau, 2004 from the Albian (L. Cretaceous) of France are also transferred to Maimetshidae. Cretogonalys Rasnitsyn, 1977 from the Cenomanian (U. Cretaceous) of northern Siberia may also belong here. These results extend the known duration of Maimetshidae over the entire middle part of the Cretaceous (from the Barremian to the Santonian), its geographic distribution over the western half of the Old World (from northernmost Siberia to western most Europe and southern Africa), and its taxonomic diversity to at least six genera and seven species, with the diversity possibly centred in Africa. The taxonomic and phylogenetic positions of Maimetshidae are discussed. DOI
149. Turrisi, GF; Jennings, JT; Vilhelmsen, L. (2009) Phylogeny and generic concepts of the parasitoid wasp family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea).Invertebr. Syst. 23: 27-59 Phylogeny and generic concepts of the parasitoid wasp family Aulacidae (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea)
Trigonalidae
The results of the first phylogenetic investigation of members of the Aulacidae of the world are presented. The main objective was to test the monophyly of the currently recognised genera. In total, 79 morphological characters were scored for a substantial sample of the extant aulacid fauna, including 72 species, as well as 12 outgroup taxa belonging to Evaniidae, Gasteruptiidae, Megalyridae, Trigonalidae, Braconidae and Stephanidae. All zoogeographic regions were represented. The dataset was analysed under different conditions (ordered, unordered, equal and implied weighting). The results under different weighting conditions are not fully congruent and many relationships remain unresolved. However, the analyses demonstrate that the current generic classification of the Aulacidae is not a natural one. There is support for a very large, monophyletic clade which includes all Pristaulacus Kieffer spp. + Panaulix Benoit spp. This suggests a wider generic concept for Pristaulacus, which is redefined and rediagnosed here. As a consequence, Panaulix becomes a junior synonym of Pristaulacus (syn. nov.), and the two described species of Panaulix are transferred to Pristaulacus: Pristaulacus rex (Benoit, 1984), comb. nov., and Pristaulacus irenae (Madl, 1990), comb. nov. The genus Aulacus Jurine was consistently paraphyletic and is not valid as currently defined. Furthermore, we failed to retrieve a consistent topology among the different clades of Aulacus. A satisfactory reclassification of Aulacus, however, requires a much more comprehensive taxon sample and/or additional character data. DOI
148. Poinar, G. (2005) Fossil Trigonalidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Baltic amber.Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 107: 55-63 Fossil Trigonalidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Baltic amber
Trigonalidae Trigonalidae; Eotrigonalis baltica; Vespidae; Vespinae; Palaeovespa socialis; Baltic amber
A fossil trigonalid (Trigonalidae: Hymenoptera), Eotrigonalis balticus Poinar, n. gen., n. sp., and a fossil vespid, Palaeovespa socialis Poinar. n. sp., are described from Eocene Baltic amber. Eotrigonalis balticus is a large. robust. heavily armored species, which could have parasitized members of the Vespidae. It can be separated from ail other members of the family by the presence of large scutellar horns. Palaeovespa socialis has the diagnostic characters of members of the subfamily Vespinae and was probably eusocial. It differs from extant vespines by the shape of the clypeus, the presence of interparapsidal furrows and venational characters.
147. Smith, DR; Stocks, IC. (2005) A new trigonalid wasp (Hymenoptera : Trigonalidae) from eastern north America.Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 107: 530-535 A new trigonalid wasp (Hymenoptera : Trigonalidae) from eastern north America
Trigonalidae hyperparasitoid; parasitoid; wasp; Trigonalyidae
Orthogonalys bella, n. sp., is described from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee. It is the second species of Orthogonalys Schulz and the fifth species of Nearctic Trigonalidae. Characters separating it from Orthogonalys pulchella (Cresson) are given.Link
146. [Anonymous]. (2004) A new, enigmatic, evaniomorphan wasp in the Albian amber of France (Insecta: Hymenoptera).J. Syst. Palaeontol. 2: 159-162 A new, enigmatic, evaniomorphan wasp in the Albian amber of France (Insecta: Hymenoptera)
Trigonalidae
Guyotemaimetsha enigmatica, a new genus and species of evaniomorphan wasp, is described from the French Albian amber. Its phylogenetic affinities are discussed. It has strong similarities with the genera Maimetsha and Cretogonalys, which are attributed to the Maimetshidae and Trigonalidae, respectively. The exact relationships of these Cretaceous taxa remain enigmatic.
145. Petrice, TR; Strazanac, JS; Butler, L. (2004) A survey of hymenopteran parasitoids of forest macrolepidoptera in the central appalachians.J. Econ. Entomol. 97: 451-459 A survey of hymenopteran parasitoids of forest macrolepidoptera in the central appalachians
Trigonalidae Bacillus thuringiensis; appalachian mountains; gypsy moth; host associations; hymenoptera
In 1995 and 1996, we conducted a Study Of the hymenopteran parasitoids of macrol-epidopteran larvae in the George Washington National Forest (GWNF), Augusta County, Virginia, and the Monongahela National Forest (MNF), Pocahontas County, West Virginia. Macrolepidopteran larvae were collected from canopy foliage and front under canvas hands placed around tree holes. A total of 115 macrolepidopteran species and 5,235 individual larvae were reared. Forty-two percent (2.221) of the larvae were gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lymantriidae). A total of 43 primary and seven secondary (hyperparasitoid) hymenopteran parasitoid species were reared front 46 macrolepidopteran species. Hymenopteran families represented included Ichneurnonidae (23 species), Braconidae (19), Eulophidae (6), Perilampidae (1), and Trigonalidae (1). We reared 41 and 28 parasitoid species front the GWNF and the MNF, respectively, with 19 species reared front both forests. Many parasitoid species were collected infrequently, suggesting that they are relatively rare on the sampled hosts. The introduced species Cotesia melanoscela (Ratzeburg) (Braconidae), and Euplectrus bicolor (Swederus) (Eulophidae) were among the most commonly reared parasitoids, the latter reared front native hosts. The four most commonly reared native parasitoids were Meteorus hyphantriae Riley (Braconidae), Microplitis near hyphantriae (Ashmead) (Braconidae), Aleiodes preclarus Marsh & Shaw, and Euplectrus maculiventris (Westwood) (Eulophidae). A total of 53 new hymenopteran parasitoid-macrolepidopteran host records were documented. Results from this study will be used to evaluate long-term treatment effects of regional applications of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, and the gypsy Moth fungus Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper on hymenopteran parasitoids of macrolepidopteran larvae. DOI PubMed
144. V. Perrichot, A. Nel and D. Neraudeau. (2004) A New, Enigmatic, Evaniomorphan Wasp In The Albian Amber Of France (Insecta: Hymenoptera).Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 2: 159-162A New, Enigmatic, Evaniomorphan Wasp In The Albian Amber Of France (Insecta: Hymenoptera)
Trigonalidae
doi: <A HREF="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1477201904001245">10.1017/S1477201904001245</A> <A HREF="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=235223">online</A> <i>Guyotemaimetsha enigmatica</i>, a new genus and species of evaniomorphan wasp, is described from the French Albian amber. Its phylogenetic affinities are discussed. It has strong similarities with the genera <i>Maimetsha</i> and <i>Cretogonalys</i>, which are attributed to the Maimetshidae and Trigonalidae, respectively. The exact relationships of these Cretaceous taxa remain enigmatic.Link
142. Kellogg, SK; Fink, LS; Brower, LP. (2003) Parasitism of native luna moths, Actias luna (L.) (Lepidoptera : Saturniidae) by the introduced Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) (Diptera : Tachinidae) in central Virginia, and their hyperparasitism by trigonalid wasps (Hymenoptera : Trigonalidae).Environ. Entomol. 32: 1019-1027 Parasitism of native luna moths, Actias luna (L.) (Lepidoptera : Saturniidae) by the introduced Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) (Diptera : Tachinidae) in central Virginia, and their hyperparasitism by trigonalid wasps (Hymenoptera : Trigonalidae)
Trigonalidae Compsilura concinnata; hyperparasitoid; nontarget host; parasitoid; Saturniidae
Parasitism rates of the normative tachinid fly, Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), on experimental populations of native luna moth caterpillars (Actias luna (L.)) were determined in central Virginia, where both C. concinnata and the gypsy moth, its biocontrol target, have become established in the past few decades. In a forest that has not yet had gypsy moth damage, we placed cohorts of second through fifth instar Actias luna caterpillars on understory hickory trees. At the end of each instar, surviving caterpillars were collected and reared. Four parasitoid species and two hyperparasitoid species emerged from the caterpillars and pupae. C. concinnata was the most common parasitoid, attacking 0% to 62% of the caterpillars recovered in each instar. Hyperparasitism of C. concinnata by trigonalid wasps was high: 47% and 16% in the two generations. UV light census data indicate that current saturniid populations in this area of central Virginia are robust, but the long-term effects of C. concinnata introductions on populations of these and other native macrolepidoptera should be monitored. DOI
140. Nel, A; Perrichot, V; Neraudeau, D. (2003) The oldest trigonalid wasp in the Late Albian amber of Charente-Maritime (SW France) (Hymenoptera : Trigonalidae).Eclogae Geol. Helv. 96: 503-508 The oldest trigonalid wasp in the Late Albian amber of Charente-Maritime (SW France) (Hymenoptera : Trigonalidae)
Trigonalidae Insecta; Hymenoptera; Trigonalidae; Albiogonalys elongatus gen. n. sp n.; amber; Late Albian; Charente-Maritime; France
Albiogonalys elongatus gen. n., sp. n., oldest known representative of the family Trigonalidae, is described from the Late Albian amber of France. It could be placed in a very basal position, as sister group of the modern representatives of the family. The positions of the fossil taxa currently attributed to this family are discussed. Except for Cretogonalys taimyricus Rasnitsyn 1977, almost all of these taxa are too poorly preserved or described for accurate attributions to this family. DOI
139. Japanese Red Data Book. (2002) Taeniogonalos sauteri Bischoff: Fukui Prefecture Category: Prefectural endangered species, Class II.Taeniogonalos sauteri Bischoff: Fukui Prefecture Category: Prefectural endangered species, Class II
Japanese Trigonalidae endangered Taeniogonalos sauteri
Also see http://jpnrdb.com/database/species/detail/4554/?page=95
Taeniogonalos sauteri Bischoff: Fukui Prefecture Category: Prefectural endangered species, Class II
●Characteristics of the species
A beautiful species with a body length of 8-11mm and a yellow-reddish brown mottled pattern on its body.
Although much about its life cycle is unknown, eggs are laid on the leaves of willows and alder trees, and these eggs enter the bodies of lepidopteran larvae that feed on the leaves, and the lepidopteran larvae become food for hornets. It is a parasitic wasp with a complex life cycle in which the larvae of the hornet's hornet larvae grow inside the larvae of the hornet.
●Habitat
Distributed in Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, the Ryukyu Islands, and Taiwan.
In the prefecture, it has been collected from Izumi Village, Ono City, and Miyama Town from mid-September to mid-October.
It flies to the leaves of walnut and pear trees covered with aphids in search of honeydew, but the exact location of its habitat is unknown.
Factors threatening survival
The depopulation of rural areas has led to a decrease in the number of wooden houses, reducing the number of nesting sites for the hornets, which are their hosts, and the aerial spraying of herbicides and pesticides are threatening their survival.
References
Tano, Tadashi, and Murota, Tadao. 1998. Hymenoptera of the Asuwa River Basin. Biological Survey of the Asuwa River Basin, 57- 85. Fukui Prefectural High School Biological Research Society.
Tsuneki, K. 1991. Revision of the Trigonalidae of Japan and her adjacent territories. SPJHA, (37): 1-68. Japanese Bee Research Society.Website
138. Clarke, AR; Zalucki, MP. (2001) Taeniogonalos raymenti Carmean & Kimsey (Hymenoptera : Trigonalidae) reared as a hyperparasite of Sturmia convergens (Weidemann) (Diptera : Tachinidae), a primary parasite of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae).Pan-Pacific Entomol. 77: 68-70 Taeniogonalos raymenti Carmean & Kimsey (Hymenoptera : Trigonalidae) reared as a hyperparasite of Sturmia convergens (Weidemann) (Diptera : Tachinidae), a primary parasite of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae)
Trigonalidae Insecta; Sturmia; Tachinidae; Asclepias
Taeniogonalos raymenti is confirmed as a hyperparasitoid of the tachinid Sturmia convergens which parasitises larval Danaus plexippus. Trigonalids are indirect parasitoids and in this case we have direct evidence that wasp eggs must have been laid on the caterpillar's host plant. Asclepias fruticosa. before the secondary host, but not necessarily before the primary tachinid host, was present. Levels of hyperparasitism during our sampling period were very low at less than two percent.
137. Dowton, M. (2001) Simultaneous analysis of 16S, 28S, COI and morphology in the Hymenoptera: Apocrita - evolutionary transitions among parasitic wasps.Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 74: 87-111 Simultaneous analysis of 16S, 28S, COI and morphology in the Hymenoptera: Apocrita - evolutionary transitions among parasitic wasps
Trigonalidae ectoparasitoid; endoparasitoid; phylogeny; parsimony; mixed-model analysis; six-parameter parsimony; host-switching; ancestral biology; saturation analysis
Simultaneous analysis of morphological and molecular characters from the 16S rDNA, 28S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase 1 genes was employed to resolve phylogenetic relationships among the apocritan (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apocrita) wasps. Parsimony analyses, employing a broad range of models, consistently recovered the Proctotrupomorpha as a natural group, the Megalyridae and Trigonalidae as sister groups, a clade comprising the Monomachidae, Diapriidae, and Maamingidae, the Vanhorniidae and Proctotrupidae as sister groups, the Proctotrupoidea as polyphyletic, and the Evaniomorpha as a grade (but including the Ichneumonoidea, Aculeata, and Stephanidae). The Proctotrupomorpha, containing virtually all of the wholly endoparasitic lineages, was consistently recovered as an apical clade, with the remaining groups forming a paraphyletic grade below them. Although the relative placement of the groups forming this basal grade varied among analyses, the most commonly recovered arrangement is consistent with the ancestral biology being ectoparasitism of coleopteran, wood-boring larvae. Furthermore, the recovery of the ectoparasitic-containing proctotrupomorphs (Chalcidoidea and, in some analyses, Ceraphronoidea) as apical lineages argues that these biologies are reversals. (C) 2001 The Linnean Society of London. DOI
136. Carmean D, Kimsey L. (1998) Phylogenetic revision of the parasitoid wasp family Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera).Syst Entomol 23: 35-76 Phylogenetic revision of the parasitoid wasp family Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera)
SYSTEMATIC Trigonalidae
A phylogenetic analysis of generic relationships and revised generic concepts for the Trigonalidae is presented. The Trigonalidae is divided into two subfamilies, the Orthogonalinae and the Trigonalinae. Orthogonalinae consists of a single primitive genus, Orthogonalys, sharing many generalized apocritan characters, but lacking advanced trigonalid characters including antennal tyloids and female metasomal armature. No synapomorphies have been detected for the Orthogonalinae. Trigonalinae are characterized by the presence of tyloids. The Trigonalinae were originally defined by the absence of female armature, and were therefore polyphyletic because armature has been lost several times. Within the revised concept of Trigonalinae, the tribe Trigonalini is characterized by the presence of elongate parameres and an intertorulus distance subequal to the distance between the torulus and the eye. A second tribe, Nomadinini, is based on the secondary loss of tyloids, and comprises the previous subfamilies Seminotinae, Nomadininae, Bareogonalinae and Lycogastrinae. The two tribes Trigonalini and Nomadinini share the presence of female armature, although in some Trigonalini it has been secondarily lost. The genera Labidogonalos Schulz, Lycogastroides Strand, Lycogonalos Bischoff, Nanogonalos Schulz, Poecilogonalos Schulz and Taiwanogonalos Tsuneki are synonymised under Taeniogonalos Schulz. The species Lycogaster zimmeri Bischoff, Tapinogonalos maschuna Schulz, and Trigonalys pictifrons Smith (placed in Lycogaster by Schulz, 1906a) are transferred to Taeniogonalos. The genera Discenea Enderlein and Stygnogonalos Schulz are synonymised under Trigonalys Westwood. The species Labidogonalos flavescens Bischoff, L. sanctaecatharinae Schulz, Trigonalys lachrymosa Westwood (placed in Lycogaster by Bischoff, 1938), T. maculifrons Cameron (placed in Labidogonalos by Bischoff, 1938) and T. rufiventris Magretti (placed in Lycogaster by Schulz, 1907a) are transferred to Trigonalys.Trigonalys costalis Cresson is synonymised with Taeniogonalos gundlachii (Cresson). Xanthogonalos fasciatus Bertoni and X.severini Schulz are synonymised with Trigonalys sanctaecatharinae (Schulz). Mimelogonalos partiglabra Riek and M. punctulata Riek are synonymised with M. bouvieri Schulz. Lectotypes are designated for Trigonalys melanoleuca Westwood and Taeniogonalos fasciatipennis (Cameron). The author of Trigonalys maculifrons is Sharp (1895), not Cameron (1897), and the author of Taeniogonalos enderleini is De Santis (1980), not Schulz 1906. Viereck (1914) designated Trigonalys pulchella Cresson as type of the genus Tapinogonalos Schulz, preceding Bischoff's (1938) designation, making Tapinogonalos a synonym of Orthogonalys. A new genus, Afrigonalys, is proposed for the three species that were described in ‘Tapinogonalos’sensu Bischoff, nec Viereck.PDF DOI
135. Rasnitsyn, AP; Jarzembowski, EA; Ross, AJ. (1998) Wasps (Insecta : Vespida = Hymenoptera) from the Purbeck and Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) of southern England and their biostratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental significance.Cretac. Res. 19: 329-391 Wasps (Insecta : Vespida = Hymenoptera) from the Purbeck and Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) of southern England and their biostratigraphical and palaeoenvironmental significance
Trigonalidae Vespida; Hymenoptera; wasps; Purbeck; Wealden; new genera and species; Cretaceous and Jurassic assemblages
This is the first comprehensive study of the insectan order Vespida (Hymenoptera) in the English non-marine Lower Cretaceous (Purbeck and Wealden strata). The fauna includes diverse sawflies, parasitoid and aculeate wasps but with the exception of social groups. The stratigraphical occurence and fossiliferous localities are reviewed by AJR. The wasps are revised, described, and keyed out by APR and EAJ who erect 10 new genera and 35 new species: Undatoma stigmatica sp. nov., U. rudgwickensis sp. nov., U. bicolor sp. nov. (Xyelotomidae); Trematothorax clementsi sp. nov., T. valdensis sp. nov. (Sepulcidae); Eosyntexis tuffinae sp. nov. (Anaxyelidae); Turgonalus cooperi sp. nov. (Trigonalidae); Arossia joyceae gen. et sp, nov. (Stephanoidea); Manlaya oculatissima sp. nov., M. anglica sp. nov., M. ockleyensis sp, nov., M. capelensis sp. nov. (Gasteruptiidae); Tillywhimia spectra gen. et sp. nov.,T. colorata sp. nov. (?Gasteruptiidae); Cretevania concordia sp. nov. (Cretevaniidae); Dintonia despectata gen. et sp, nov., Pallenites calcarius gen. et sp. nov., Peverella punctata sp. nov. (Proctotrupidae); Coramia minuta gen, et sp. nov. (Diapriidae); Amitchellia procera gen. et sp. nov., A. brevis sp. nov. (Proctotrupoidea); Purichneumon britannicus gen. et sp. nov. (Eoichneumonidae); Bethylonymellus feltoni sp. nov. (Bethylonymidae); Archisphex proximus sp. nov., A. curvus sp. nov., Angarosphex consensus sp. nov., A. bleachi sp. nov., Pompilopterus corpus sp. nov., P. wimbledoni sp. nov., P. keymerensis sp. nov., ?P. worssami sp. nov., ?P. leei sp. nov., ?P. difficilis sp. nov., Iwestia provecta gen. et sp. nov. (Sphecidae); Apocritites distinctus gen. et sp. nov. (Apocrita). Taxonomic changes include Prosyntexis gobiensis (Rasnitsyn 1993) comb, nov. and Prosyntexis okhotensis (Rasnitsyn 1993) comb, nov. (Sepulcidae); Angarosphex Rasnitsyn 1975 = Shandongodes Zhang 1985 syn, nov. (Sphecidae); Archisphex Evans 1969 = Cretosphex Rasnitsyn 1975, = Mateosphex Zhang 1985,= Palaeapis Hong 1984 syn. nov. (Sphecidae). The Purbeck fauna is more diverse generically and contains a greater number of endemics than the Wealden fauna. The absence of xyelids from the Purbeck and Wealden is consistent with a warm climate. Late Mesozoic vespidan faunas are compared globally (especially with eastern Asia), and four Jurassic-Cretaceous assemblages are recognised: an ephialtitid-praeaulacine or aculeate-free Jurassic type; a Lower Cretaceous baissine type with earlier proctotrupid and later angarosphecine subtypes; an Upper Cretaceous armaniid type. The Purbeck-Wealden fauna is baissine with two Jurassic 'survivors' but lacks social groups; both assemblage subtypes are represented but the influx of aculeate wasps is accompanied by reduced endemicity and generic diversity possibly indicative of ecological change in the hinterland. (C) 1998 Academic Press.
134. Vilhelmsen, L. (1997) The phylogeny of lower Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a summary of the early evolutionary history of the order.J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 35: 49-70 The phylogeny of lower Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a summary of the early evolutionary history of the order
Trigonalidae Hymenoptera; phylogeny; larval lifestyle; evolution of parasitism
A cladistic analysis of the lower Hymenoptera, including all the 'symphytan' families and the apocritan families Stephanidae, Megalyridae, Trigonalyidae, Ibaliidae, Vespidae and Gasteruptiidae, has been undertaken. A total of 98 characters were scored for 21 taxa. Twenty equally parsimonious minimum-length trees were obtained. The phylogenetic status of the Xyelidae is uncertain: they might be monophyletic, or the Xyelinae might be the sistergroup of the rest of the Hymenoptera. The non-xyelid Hymenoptera are probably monophyletic; the phylogeny Tenthredinoidea + (Megalodontoidea + (Cephidae + (Anaxyelidae + (Siricidae + (Xiphydriidae + (Orussidae + Apocrita)))))) is proposed for this clade. The Blasticotomidae are probably the sistergroup of all other Tenthredinoidea, but tenthredinoid phylogeny is otherwise uncertain. Substantial homoplasy occurs within the 'sircoid' families, making the relative positions of the Anaxyelidae and Siricidae uncertain. The Stephanidae might be the sistergroup of the rest of the Apocrita; the phylogeny of the remaining apocritan taxa included is insufficiently elucidated. The phylogeny proposed here supports the hypothesis that the appearance of parasitism in the Hymenoptera took place in the common ancestor of Orussidae + Apocrita, the host of which was probably wood boring insect larvae. The exact larval mode of feeding of the ancestral hymenopteran cannot be determined due to the diversity of lifestyles in the basal lineages of the order.
133. Smith, DR. (1996) Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) in the eastern United States: Seasonal flight activity, distributions, hosts.Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 98: 109-118 Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) in the eastern United States: Seasonal flight activity, distributions, hosts
Trigonalidae Trigonalyidae; Trigonalidae; parasitoids; North America; seasonal activity; distributions; hosts
Three of the four Nearctic species of Trigonalyidae occur in the eastern United States, Orthogonalys pulchella (Cresson), Taeniogonalos gundlachii (Cresson) (= Poecilogonalos costalis (Cresson)), and Lycogaster pullata Shuckard. Seasonal flight data is determined from collections of 4272 specimens from eight study sites in Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. Orthogonalys pulchella and T. gundlachii flights begin in mid-May and peak in June and the first of July, but both species are present in low numbers through the first of October. The flight period of L. pullata could not be determined. Identification, distributions, hosts, and habitats are reviewed for each species.
132. Vilhelmsen, L. (1996) The preoral cavity of lower Hymenoptera (Insecta): Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance.Zool. Scr. 25: 143-170 The preoral cavity of lower Hymenoptera (Insecta): Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance
Trigonalidae
The skeletal and muscular morphology of the preoral cavity, including the labrum, hypopharynx and labium, was examined in the image in representatives of all the 'symphytan' families as well as the apocritan families Stephanidae, Megalyridae and Trigonalyidae. XyeIidae have complex modifications for masticating pollen, remarkably similiar to those of primitive Lepidoptera. These modifications, collectively termed the triturating basket complex, include an asymmetrical distal epipharyngeal wall with a microtrichial brush and an enlarged infrabuccal pouch with heavy cuticular armature that interacts with the mandibles during feeding. There were striking structural differences between the two subfamilies of Xyelidae in the ligular region; the reduced glossa and clubshaped paraglossae of Macroxyelinae resembles those of primitive Lepidoptera, while the well developed, flattened glossa and paraglossae in Xyelidae are similiar to those of most other 'Symphyta'. A putative transformation series, leading from a relatively large labrum with unsclerotised distal epipharyngeal wall lying anterior to the mandibles, as seen in XyeIidae and Tenthredinoidea, to a small and heavily sclerotised labrum and distal epipharyngeal wall lying posterior to the mandibles, as seen in 'Siricoidea', Orussidae and the Apocrita, was revealed. These modifications may be adaptations to enable the adult of the families pupating in wood to emerge from the pupal chamber. The Anaxyelidae, Orussidae and Apocrita have similiar configurations of the glossa and insertions of the ventral premental adductors. This indicates a close affinity of the Anaxyelidae to Orussidae + Apocrita, a hypothesis that is in conflict with other character systems. The Orussidae and Stephanidae share a unique condition in the development of a pair of large apodemes attached to the labrum; this renders the groundplan state of the labrum in the Apocrita uncertain. Twentyfive characters were defined in an attempt to eludicate the 'Symphyta'-Apocrita transition. A numerical cladistic analysis of the characters was undertaken, resulting in 522 minimum length trees. The characters are also discussed with reference to a cladogram which resulted from an analysis of the characters derived from the present study and a survey of characters from literature. (C) 1996 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters DOI
131. Weinstein, P; Austin, AD. (1996) Thelytoky in Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae), with notes on its distribution and first description of males.Aust. J. Entomol. 35: 81-84 Thelytoky in Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae), with notes on its distribution and first description of males
Trigonalidae
The Trigonalyidae, which have previously been thought to reproduce arrhenotokously like most parasitic Hymenoptera, are added to the list of families from which thelytoky (true parthenogenesis) is recorded. This has been inferred for Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek on the basis of a male:female sex ratio in the field ranging from about 1:250 to 0:1500. The rare male of this species is described for the first time, and the known distribution of the species extended to include South Australia. The host range of T. venatoria, which parasitises widely dispersing pergid sawfly larvae, is proposed as a possible reason for its thelytokous mode of reproduction.Wiley Online Library DOI
126. Weinstein, P; Austin, AD. (1995) Primary parasitism, development and adult biology in the wasp Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae).Aust. J. Zool. 43: 541-555 Primary parasitism, development and adult biology in the wasp Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae)
Trigonalidae
The biology of the Australian wasp Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek was investigated using populations in the Adelaide Region during 1986-90. This species is unusual for a trigonalyid because it is a primary parasitoid of a pergid sawfly and can act facultatively as a hyperparasitoid. The wasp oviposits onto foliage, eggs are ingested by host larvae, eggs then hatch, and the larva penetrates the gut wall. Saline, acid saline, cathepsin and physical manipulation were effective in triggering eclosion. Eggs were viable on foliage for up to 5 months. Larval instars 1-3 are endoparasitic; 4-5 are ectoparasitic. Populations are univoltine, and adults emerge between February and April in synchrony with early-stage host larvae. Adult wasps are relatively short lived (8 days), but survival is increased by access to water and food. Female wasps contain over 6000 eggs at emergence. Aspects of the biology of T. venatoria are discussed in relation to other species of trigonalyid wasps. DOI
119. Carmean, D. (1991) Biology Of The Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera), With Notes On The Vespine Parasitoid Bareogonalos-canadensis.N. Z. J. Zool. 18: 209-214 Biology Of The Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera), With Notes On The Vespine Parasitoid Bareogonalos-canadensis
Trigonalidae Trigonalidae BAREOGONALOS; TRIGONALYIDAE; PARASITOID; HOSTS; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; OVIPOSITION; OVERWINTERING; VESPIDAE
The biology of the Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera) is reviewed, with emphasis on adult behaviour. New observations on the vespine parasitoid Bareogonalos canadensis (Harrington) are presented, including oviposition behaviour in Douglas-fir foliage and overwintering in the egg stage. Potential use of Bareogonalos spp. in biological control of vespines is discussed. DOI
115. Weinstein, P; Austin, A.D. (1991) The host-relationships of trigonalyid wasps (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae), with a review of their biology and catalogue to world species.J. Nat. Hist. 25: 399-433 The host-relationships of trigonalyid wasps (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae), with a review of their biology and catalogue to world species.
Trigonalidae HYMENOPTERA; TRIGONALYIDAE; BIOLOGY; HOST RELATIONSHIPS; SPECIES CATALOG
The host relationships of the enigmatic family Trigonalyidae are analysed using published host records and those obtained from reared material. Most species appear to oviposit on a wide variety of plants; their eggs are ingested in most cases by lepidopteran or sawfly larvae, and they then develop as obligatory hyperparasitoids in tachinid or ichneumonid primary parasitoids or in vespid or eumenid wasp larvae. Vespidae are the most commonly recorded secondary hosts, undoubtedly via lepidopteran primary hosts provisioned into nests, though this has not been confirmed. Two subfamilies, the Bareogonaloinae and Nomadininae, appear to be restricted to vespid larvae, while the two largest subfamilies, the Lycogastrinae and Trigonalyinae, and several component genera (and species), have been associated with taxonomically diverse primary and secondary host groups. One species of Poecilogonalos has been recorded from a tachinid fly parasitic on a tipulid primary host, while the unconfirmed reports of at least some Australian Taeniogonalos acting as primary parasitoids are here substantiated. T. venatoria Riek is recorded as a facultative primary parasitoid of sawfly (Perga spp.) and lepidopteran larvae, sometimes developing hyperparasitically (in Perga spp.) in tachinid or ichneumonid primary parasitoids. The biology of trigonalyids in regard to mating, oviposition, immature stages, parasitism of hosts, emergence and phenology is reviewed. The systematics and zoogeography of the group are discussed, and an abbreviated catalogue to world species is presented. DOI
113. Carmean, D. (1989) Sex And Deposition Of The Holotype Of Bareogonalos canadensis (Harrington) (Hymenoptera, Trigonalyidae).Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 91: 287-288 Sex And Deposition Of The Holotype Of <em>Bareogonalos canadensis</em> (Harrington) (Hymenoptera, Trigonalyidae)
Trigonalidae
Prior to 1900 the yellowjacket parasitoid Bareogonalos canadensis (Harrington) was known only from the holotype collected in 1893 at Victoria, British Columbia (Harrington. 1896. Canad. Entomol. 28: 108). and 27 specimens collected on Gabriola Island in 1897 by Taylor (1898. Canad. Entomol. 30: 14-15). The present deposition of 19 of these 28 specimens is known (Table 1). The holotype was reported lost by Townes (1956. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 106: 295-304) but Sarazin (1986. Canad. Entomol. 118: 957-989) claimed that the holotype is in the Canadian National Collection (CNC). From a study of the pre1900 material, I conclude that the true holotype is in the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt-Universitaet (Berlin).
Harrington (1896) described the holotype as a male. Taylor (1898) reversed the sexes of his series and Harrington accepted this mistake. Harrington erroneously stated that the holotype was a female, and described the "male" sex using three females (autotypes) (Harrington 1898. Canad. Entomol. 30: 15-16). Harrington's error, though noted by Schulz (1907a.; Wytsman, Genera Insectorum 61: 24 pp.)...WebArchive
105. Schnee H. (1988) New host Record for Pseudogonalos hahnii (an Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae), published in XII. International Symposium for the Entomofaunistics in Middle Europe held in Kiev in 1988:
H. Schnee (1991): Zur Kenntnis der Phaenologie und der Wirtspektren einiger palaearktischer Anomaloninae...
Vortraege XII.SIEEC Kiev: 80-85. (ISBN 5-12-003316-4).New host Record for <i>Pseudogonalos hahnii</i> (an <A HREF="http://iris.biosci.ohio-state.edu/catalogs/ichneumonids/anomaloninae_genera.html">Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae</A>), published in XII. International Symposium for the Entomofaunistics in Middle Europe held in Kiev in 1988:
H. Schnee (1991): Zur Kenntnis der Phaenologie und der Wirtspektren einiger palaearktischer Anomaloninae...
Vortraege XII.SIEEC Kiev: 80-85. (ISBN 5-12-003316-4).
Trigonalidae
Link
98. Carmean, D; Akre, RD; Zack, RS; Reed, H. (1981) Notes on the yellowjacket parasite Bareogonalis(sic) canadensis (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae).Entomological News, 92, 23-26. 92: 23-26 Notes on the yellowjacket parasite Bareogonalis(sic) canadensis (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae)
Trigonalidae
Bareogonalos canadensis found for the first time in Northern Idaho from Vespula vulgaris and V. acadicaLink
85. Stage, G.I.; Slobodchikoff, C.N. (1962) New distribution and host record of Bareogonalos canadensis (Harrington) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae and Vespidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 38 97-98. New distribution and host record of <i>Bareogonalos canadensis</I> (Harrington) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae and Vespidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist
Trigonalidae
A single female Bareogonalos canadensis (identified by G. I. S.) was obtained from a Vespula nest collected at Cazadero, Sonoma County, California, by Mr. James DeWeese on June 24, 1961. The nest, containing V espula (Dolichov espula) arenaria (Fabricius) in all stages of development, was given to one of us (C. N. S.) who placed it in a closed terrarium to trap all that might emerge. On July 12, 1961, the trigonalid was found. The specimen has been deposited at the California Academy of Sciences.
Published records of B. canadensis are: 1 female, Victoria, B. C., September, 1893 (Harrington, 1896); 1 male, 1 female, British Columbia, October 21 and 25, 1897 (Townes); 23 males , 4 females, Gabriola Island, B. C., October 21 to 27, 1898 (Taylor, 1898) ; 1 male, British Columbia Biological Station, Departure Bay, B. C., October 24, 1908 (Townes). Thus the California record represents a considerable increase in the known range of this infrequently collected species.Internet Archive
65. van der Vecht (comments). Edited by Oudemans JTh; Meijere. (1933) Verslag van de Acht-en-tachtigste Zomervergadering [Notes on Nippogonalos jezoensis Uchida).].Tijdschrift voor entomologie XLIII-LXXXVI Verslag van de Acht-en-tachtigste Zomervergadering [Notes on <i>Nippogonalos jezoensis</i> Uchida).]
Trigonalidae
van der Vecht, J. 1933. Notes on Nippogonalos jezoensis Uchida). Tijdschr. v. Ent. 76: 76-82.Link
64. Clausen, C.P. (1931) Biological notes on the Trigonalidae (Hymeoptera).Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 33: 72-81 Biological notes on the Trigonalidae (Hymeoptera).
Trigonalidae oviposition egg larva
Link
62. Clausen, C.P. (1929) Biological studies on Poecilogonalos thwaitesii (Westw.), parasitic in the cocoons of Henicospilus (Hymen.: Trigonalidae).Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 31 67-79 +pl. 5. Biological studies on Poecilogonalos thwaitesii (Westw.), parasitic in the cocoons of Henicospilus (Hymen.: Trigonalidae).
Trigonalidae India
Note: <a href="https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofent3132192930ento/page/n99/mode/1up" target=’new’>Plate 5</a> is of <i>Poecilogonalos thwaitesii</i>, not <i>P. henicospilus</i>.
See erratum <a href="https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofent3132192930ento/page/n99/mode/1up" target=’new’>https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofent3132192930ento/page/n125/mode/1up</a>
Link
57. Cockerell, TDA. (1920) A new trigonalid from India (Hym.).Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 22:191-192 A new trigonalid from India (Hym.)
Trigonalidae Poecilogonalos mimus
*Poecilogonalos mimus*
WebArchive
27. Taylor, G. W. (1898) Note on Trigonalys canadensis, Hargtn.Canadian Entomologist 30: 14-15. Note on Trigonalys canadensis, Hargtn
Trigonalidae Bareogonalos canadensis
Taylor, G. W. 1898: Note on Trigonalys canadensis, Hargtn. Canadian entomologist 30: 14-15.
24. Harrington, W.H. (1896) A Canadian Trigonalys. Canadian Entomologist. 28 108. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/88719#page/122/mode/1up A Canadian Trigonalys. Canadian Entomologist
Trigonalidae
Bareogonalos canadensisLink
16. Westwood, J.O. (1874) Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis.Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis
Trigonalidae
Plate https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/49351#page/283/mode/1up
Genus— TRIGONALYS.
(Westw. Proc. Zool. Soc. April 14, 1835, No. 28, p. 52 ; Seminota, Spinola, in Gueriu Mag. de Zool. 1840, Ins. pL XLI ;
Trigonalis (Klug, hautl recte), Spinola, 1. c. 1840, Ins. pi. LIII ; Lycoyaster, Shuckard, Eutoraologist, p. 124.)
Species 1— TRIGONALYS LUGUBRIS.
(Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 186S, part iv. December, p. 328.)
Plate XXIII, Fig. 4.
Nigra, punctatissima, flavo varia ; alis anticis margine costali fusco suffuso.
Long. Corp. lin. 4^ ; expans. alar, antic, lin. 9.
Habitat ; Amazonia (Bates). In Mus. Hopeiano Oxoni*.
' Caput nigrum ; clypeo, macula parva ad margiuem anticum oeulorum, alterisque duabus suborbitalibiis, mandibulisque flavis, barum dentibus nigris ; antenna; nigrae, 27-articulatffi ; thorax niger, collaris margine supero, punctis duobus anticis mesonoti, alterisque duobus minutis ad latera scutelli, post-scutelli linea tenui in medio emarginata, flavis ; abdomen segmentis postice flavo tenue marginatis, infra in medio profunde incisis ; alae hyalinse, margine costali fusco pone stigma magis suffuso ; pedes nigri, tibiis extus albidis.
Species 2— TRIGONALYS LACHRYMOSA. Westw.
Plate XXIII, Fig. 5.
Nigra, subnitida : clypeo puncto parvo flavo, tborace antice punctis duobus triangularibus, tegulis, punctisque quatuor transversis, in medio dorsi thoracis, per paria dispositis flavescentibus ; capite fere la?vi, mesonoto transverse striolato, metanoto granulato ; abdomine punctate, griseo-setoso, marginibus posticis segmentorum griseis ; pedibus nigris, femoribus anticis tibiisque quatuor posticis linea flava exterue notatis ; alis einereohyalinis, stigmate venisque nigris, nubila subapicali antiearum fuscescente.
Long. Corp. lin. 6; expans. alar, antic, lin. 12.
Habitat ; in partibus orientalibus Insulae Philippinensis, Mindanao (Semper). In Coll. Semper, Altonae.
Species 3— TRIGONALYS ORNATA.
(Smith, Journal of Entomology, vol. i. p. 83.)
Plate XXIII, Fig. 7.
' T. nigro-fusca : capite thoraceque maculis flavis ornatis : abdomine flavo faseiato ; alis hyalinis; pedibus flavis. Long. corp. 5| 1.
' Head large, wider than thorax, margins rounded, somewhat flattened in front ; clypeus transverse ; anterior margin slightly rounded and cmarginate in the middle ; head, mandibles, and four middle joints of antennte sulphur yellow; mandibles with three black teeth; a minute black or rather fuscous spot between the antennae; a circular broad ring above them, extending to the first ocellus, and uniting with a subtriangular spot enclosing the posterior ocelli, on each side of which is another curved fuscous stripe, which becomes narower and unites at the margin of the vertex ; thorax and legs yellow; the former has three broad longitudinal stripes on the mesothorax, another on the scutellum and metathorax in the middle, and also a small triangular spot on each side of the scutellum, dark, fuscous ; wings hyaline, with a slight fuscous stain along the anterior margin of the superior pair; abdomen fuscous, darkest towards the apex, with a yellow fascia on the posterior margin of all the segments.' (Smith, 1. c.)
Long. Corp. lin. 5^ ; expans. alar, antic, lin. 12.
Habitat; Mexico. In Mus. F. Smith.Link
